Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)

Cancer, medically called ‘tumorigenesis’ (Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430) occurs when cells in the body orient themselves for malignant growth. Such cells show ‘self-sufficiency in growth signals’, are ‘insensitive to anti-growth signals’ and have ‘limitless replicative potential’ (Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430). Once a particular set of cells become malignant, the malignancy can spread to other set of cells in different organs due to ‘crosstalk’ between the affected cells and their surrounding ‘tissues’ and ‘micro-environments’(Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430).

“Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems (NCI, 2013).” Cancer is of many diseases. It originates from the organ in the body and/or from the part of the body that is affected, for example breast cancer. Breast cancer is mainly common among women, except for skin cancers. “Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast divide and grow without their normal control (Komen, 2014).” The

Carcinomas- glands, organs and tissues, arise from epithelial cell lining external and internal body surfaces; most common cancer

Various speculations of how cancer is produced have been looked into through numerous years and

All cancers begin in cells, the body's basic unit of life. To understand cancer, it's helpful to know what happens when normal cells become cancer cells.

First, we must understand what cancer is and how it forms, cancer is “a malignant and invasive growth or tumor, especially one originating in epithelium, tending to recur after excision and to metastasize to other sites.”1 it is when normal cells mutate and begin to reproduce at such an accelerated rate that body does not have time to get rid of these bad cells and a mass begins to grow creating a problem for the body.

It is stated in the article that humans and fruit flies share similar genes, thus the scientists conducted the experiment on fruit flies, therefore, it is of high importance to implement this new data to help treat and prevent human cancers. If research continues to prosper and scientists like Tamori, Deng, and Suzuki extend their experiment from fruit flies to humans, there is a possibility that they may find factors that cause the development of tumors in humans. Tamori, Deng, and Suzuki were able to generate a thesis regarding the part epithelial tissues play in the development of tumors in fruit flies and then transcribe that information and correlate it to tumors in

There are twelve major types of cancer that affect most Americans and they can be related by the mutation of genes. Cancer is not just one disease, but a massive group with over 100 diseases by unrestrained and vicarious growth of the cells in the body and have the ability of the cells to propagate. One out of every four Americans will die from cancer. It is the second leading cause of death in this country, surpassed only by heart disease. Five to ten percent of cancer are genetic and hereditary. 1.2 million new cases are found in every year the United States, “Men have a one in two lifetime risk of developing cancer, and for women the risk is one in three” (Freivogel 201).

world, have been related to the causes of many types of cancer. Some of the most

2. Major Achievements in Cancer Research, Cancer Research Network – The University of Sydney, viewed 26th of March 2009, http://www.cancerresearch.med.usyd.edu.au/research/achieve.php

Signaling pathways that result in cell migration are often useful in understanding how cancer cells metastasize. The researchers of Swaminathan et al., 2016 examine how adhesion site assembly occurs while Nader et al., 2016 focuses primarily on the adhesion turnover both are fundamental processes in cell migration. Integrins play a dominant role in nascent integrin-mediated adhesions (NAs) which are important in lamellipodium protrusion and generating traction at focal adhesion points involved in cell motility. Integrins have been extensively studied and are linked to wound healing as well as metastasis in cancer cells (Lawson et al., 2012). When extracellular signals, either chemical or physical, contact the cell surface it triggers a response that induces movement. If the signaling molecule is a growth factor (ex. Epidermal Growth Factor) it could activate a GTPase protein coupled receptor (GPCR). The next is a signal cascade often led by Rabs or Ras (small G-proteins) proteins that are powered by GTPase hydrolysis, which often recruits and activates Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) or Scar. Previous studies identified cancer cell that use Rab-coupling to control cell motility by regulating B-intgrins trafficking (Nader et al., 2016). WASP recruits Actin related protein 2 and 3 (Arp2/3) complex to the cell membrane and activates it

The paper can help us understand how transmissible cancers emerged and then we can link it to humans to avoid the evolution of cancer in humans.

2003). However, endothelial cells may play a minor role in the transmigration of the inflammatory cells because irradiating these cells in vitro did not upregulate chemokine gene expression (Gaugler et al. 1998). This may also support the notion that the mesenchymal cells of the sinusoidal wall, that is, the hepatic stellate cells, differ from the Thy-1+ mesenchymal cells in the portal vessels and in the portal area (Dudas et al.

They have three cell layers: the endoderm, the mesoderm, and the ectoderm. A connected tissue called mesenchyme fills the space between the skin and the gut. It consists of two kinds of cells: fixed cells and stem cells. Fixed cells contain fluid filled vacuoles. Stem cells can transform into any type of cell. Mesenchyme is backed up by collagen fibers that attach to the muscles. Mesenchyme protects all internal organs and helps the passing of oxygen and nutrients.

The uncontrollable spread of cancer is the principal event which leads to the death in individuals with cancer and it is the greatest barrier of developing cures for cancer. Metastasis is the progressive spread of malignant cancer cells from the primary tumour to secondary organ in distant sites and this potential is dependent on the specific microenvironment which support them to complete each step of the metastatic process (Poste & Fidler 1980). To understand the molecular basis of metastasis, investigators have now separated the complex and highly selective metastasis process into series of steps to try and solve the problems cause by