Epstein Barr Virus

Hand, foot, and mouth are parts of human body have the highest change to get contagious infection. There are many viruses but Enterovirus groups, (most common is the coxsackie virus) is the main factor. These viruses can spread through direct contact from person to person especially with those have bad habits such as: unusually washed hands or surfaces contaminated with feces. An infected person’s saliva, stool, or respiratory secretions can transmit the infection.

Blood and saliva borne bacteria are mainly the reason for some serious infectious diseases (Szymanska, 2005, Martin et al., 2009). For example, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a known virus that may be contracted in dental clinics. Investigation of the presence of the virus in the oral fluids of hepatitis B carriers showed that %70 of their sample were infectious (Molinari & Harte, 2010). The greatest concentration of the HBV is under the gingival sulucs where this area is inflamed routinely and allows blood to mix

The immune system plays a vital role in helping the body to fight diseases, as well as pathogens, the disease-causing factors. It is mainly composed of the tonsils and adenoids, the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels, the spleen, appendix, and bone marrow. The main purpose of the immune system is to assist the body in its struggle to maintain optimal health.

| Usually caused by a virus, can be spread in much the same way as the common cold.Children can also become infected if they have contact with fluid from the blisters or saliva of someone who is infected.

The lymphatic system works in three ways. It helps to control the balance of the body’s fluids by draining and cleansing fluid that seeps from the circulatory system during normal cardiovascular circulation. As fluid leaves the circulatory system it enters the tissue cells and whilst the majority of it diffuses back into the vessels of the circulatory system, the remainder enters the open ends of the lymph vessels. The lymphatic system also works with the villi in the digestive system to help deliver fats and absorbed nutrients in the digested food we eat, back to the circulatory system. This fluid is not called

The organs that make up the lymphatic and immune system are the tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), plasma, and platelets (thrombocytes) make up the blood. Lymphocytes are leukocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight off diseases. Two types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. Lymphocytes recognize antigens, or foreign substances/matter, in the body. Lymphocytes are a classification of agranulocytes, or cells (-cytes) without (a-) granules (granul/o) in the cytoplasm. B cells are created from stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow. B cells respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells. These plasma cells then create antibodies. Memory B cells produce a stronger response with the next exposure to the antigen. B cells fight off infection and bacteria while T cells defend against viruses and cancer cells. A hormone created by the thymus gland called thymosin changes lymphocytes into T cells. The thymus gland is active when you are a child and slowly shrinks, as you get older. T cells bind to the antigens on the cells and directly attack them. T cells secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells with antigens. There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells.

Mononucleosis is a disease that is spread from person to person. It is commonly referred to as “mono” and “the kissing disease”. It often occurs in adolescents from the age of fifteen to seventeen. Mononucleosis is a viral infection that can cause fever, sore throat and swollen lymph glands. It is passed on by saliva and close contact. It was discovered in the late nineteenth century. It was not always referred to as mononucleosis and did not receive that name until around 1920. The virus, Epstein-Barr Virus, that causes Mononucleosis is relatively large in size. It is something that stays in your body due to cell memory. It is not always active and cannot always cause for a flare up of the disease. When diagnosing this disease doctor’s conduct

The lymphatic system are a complex network of specialised cells and organs that defend the body against infection. Lymphatic organs include the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, appendix and clumps of tissue in the small bowel. A function of the lymphatic system is to nurture and mature the B and T-lymphocytes (white blood cells vital to immune function). Cancerous changes can take place

Mononucleosis is caused by EBV. EBV is a member of the herpes virus family and is one of the most common viruses to infect humans around the world. The virus is spread through direct contact with saliva from the mouth of an infected person and cannot be spread through blood contact. It takes at least up to four or eight weeks for symptoms to develop when infected with mono. Coughing or sneezing, by kissing, or even by sharing food and drinks with someone who has mono can expose someone to the virus. High school students and college students are more common to get infected with the virus due to them being around a large number of people. As well as people working in the medical field, caregivers, and people taking medication to that suppress

First seen in 1889, Mononucleosis was originally named the "Drüsenfieber," or having a glandular fever. They converted to the name we now know of mononucleosis in 1920 when they saw an increasing the number of lymphocytes that were seen in the blood of a group of college students who showed signs such as fevers and other distinct symptoms of this virus. Mononucleosis was nicknamed “mono”, is an infectious agent caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This infection is very common especially amongst the adolescents; another name that this virus is labeled under is the “kissing disease”. EBV is scientifically classified to be a member of the herpes family of viruses. An antibody that fights EBV can be detected in the blood streem of most people by the time arrive at adult age. When this infection happens during childhood, the virus almost absolutely yields no symptoms. only about 10% of those children that become infected with EBV is estimated to develop the illness. In the same inference it is assumed that due to the developed immunity, most adults probably will not developed the illness. In the U.S., there are up to 95% of adults ages 35-40 years that have antibodies directed against the EBV. Unfortunately this is a clear indicator that most people have been infected with EBV at sometime in their lives. This explain why some people are against their babies being kissed and makes you wonder is the one that are open to just anyone kissing their children have this

Epstein-Barr virus was first discovered in 1964 by Sir Michael Anthony Epstein and Ms. Yvonne Barr. They located it in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line. It was the first virus to be associated with cancer. Infection of Epstein-Barr (EBV) is extremely widespread. The National Institutes of Health estimates that roughly 95% of people carry the virus. The virus was later found to cause infectious mononucleosis. Mononucleosis has since been nicknamed the “kissing disease”. Transmission is spread orally, primarily through saliva. Healthy people are able to spread the virus to uninfected people through kissing or sharing food. The virus remains dormant in the body throughout life. For the most part, EBV presents no serious complications other than the cold-like symptoms and glandular fever related to mononucleosis. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that many cancers are directly attributable to EBV. It is also known to play a significant role in the incidence of certain autoimmune and blood diseases.

Coxsackievirus B can be spread from person to person (it is contagious). It can be spread through:

If the immune system is unable to stop the infection, the bacterium will multiply and then spread to the bloodstream, after which the first signs of disease are observed in the form of fever. The bacterium penetrates further into the bone marrow, liver, and bile ducts, from which bacteria are excreted into the bowel movements. (Easmon 2003)

spleen is a place for immune function, and it kills defective or aged red blood

The next cells are the T cells. There are many different types of T-cells. One is the Killer T-cell. They can recognize invaders with feelers on the outside of the cell and if the cell is infected, it can destroy the cell. Another type is the helper T-cell. The helper t-cell functions more as support. It matures B-cells and tells them to make antibodies by secreting a protein. A helper t-cell also activates the killer t-cell. The last major t-cell is the memory t-cell. If you get sick, the memory t-cell will remember the antigen and will the immune system be able to defeat the same disease faster. The next cell is the Natural Killer Cell. These cells are lymphocytes that destroy viruses by releasing a protein that makes the affected cell “program” itself for death. The process it destroys itself is called apoptosis. (Kidshealth.org)