Equal Opportunity In Football

The search term I used to search for this article was Title IX in sport. I used the OneSearch Database through UNF’s online library. I selected this study because it focuses on the impact of Title IX on the career opportunities in intercollegiate athletic administration.

These ensure that each sex of person receives equal opportunity to participate in federally funded programs. If the federal government funds the program, the program must follow Title IX and Section 1983 legislation. Each of these statues removes the bias of gender, age, race, color, etc. and allow for equal opportunities to participate in federally funded programs. The equal protection issue resurfaces in instances where federal funding is not in place. Grove City College and 4 students attempted to manipulate the rules to avoid a Title IX lawsuit by removing federal funding altogether (Grove City College v. Bell, 1984). The college pleaded to the Supreme Court to remove federal funding to avoid noncompliance, as they are a private, liberal arts college that does not accept federal assistance or Regular Disbursement Systems from the Department of Education. However, the students involved received federal Basic Educational Opportunity Grants, which qualifies them and thus the school as being federally funded. Based on this information, the school was not following the laws set in place regarding federal funding and was unable to execute the Assurance of Compliance. In regarding equal protection, the Assurance of Compliance ensures that programs receiving federal assistance are aware of their agreement with the law and of all obligations regarding

When it comes to sports men and women are rarely given equal opportunities to excel. This is the case in soccer specifically, as many individuals over look women’s soccer. Women are having to play on turf fields which is causing more injuries compared to men playing on natural grass. Men also make more money per match and they receive money if they lose, whereas the women do not receive any money if they lose a match. While women are becoming more successful, the men’s team has been around longer and bring in more media coverage and endorsements for the league. Despite the discrepancies found in media coverage of both teams, the US soccer federation and Federation International Football Association should provide equal opportunities for both men’s and women’s soccer teams.

As the nation’s gender inequality continues to diminish, things like sports stereotypes, and labour force conflict cannot be understood without understanding the term of identity. Identity work is explained by Schwalbe and Mason-Schrock in 1996 as “anything people do, individually or collectively, to give meaning to themselves or others” (as cited in Ezzell, 2009, p. 1). I propose to examine inequality based on gender identity and in depth the process of stereotype issues, - how people construct stereotypes in gender inequality in the context of sport- among women Rugby. The academic literatures are based on gender identity/ inequality, where it provides many examples of individuals deflecting the norms “by ... creat[ing] a unique identity as heterosexy-fit— simultaneously tough, heterosexual, and conventionally attractive” (Ezzell, 2009, p. 14). With the intention of deflecting/ creating an exception to these norms, it only creates greater issues as not only does society view them in a certain way, but also the player themselves. The overarching goal of the proposal is to address the social issue and understand why society to this date gives harsh views towards women’s rugby with a common stereotypical view. As an illustration the views were described by Ezzell (2009) who conducted a personal communication with some female rugby players who stated that other views them as: “scary, butch lesbians,” “she-males,” “he-shes,” “lesbian man-beasts,” and “butch,

Then, in a 1984 decision, Grove City v. Bell, the U.S. Supreme Court gutted Title IX. In that ruling, the court said Title IX did not cover entire educational institutions - only those programs directly receiving federal funds. Other programs, such as athletics, that did not receive federal funds, were free to discriminate on the basis of gender.

The Carter, Reagan, and George H. W. Bush administrations put a low priority on enforcing Title IX, and as a result, educational programs felt no real need to comply with the law (Anderson et al., 2006). When, in 1984, the Supreme Court ruled that Title IX was only applicable to the specific programs that directly received federal aid, athletic programs became legally exempt from compliance (Suggs, 2002). This situation lasted until 1988, when Congress, overriding a veto by President Reagan, enacted the Civil Rights Restoration Act. This law restored the broad interpretation of Title IX, in which Title IX applied to all programs or activities at institutions that received federal funds, whether or not a program was a direct recipient of these funds (U.S. Department of Justice,

Title IX presence in a college setting is well known, but women athlete do not have the best opportunities after their collegiate careers to move up into the

Cooper-Dyke, Cynthia; Leland, Ted. "Open To All" Title IX At Thirty: The Secretary of Education's Commission on Opportunity in Athletics. (February 28,2003)

This case involves the Plaintiff, Kelly Pryor, and the Defendant, National Collegiate Athletic Association, in a complex argument that involves racial discrimination under Title VI and the NCAA adoption of Proposition 16 as well as Americans with Disabilities Act and Rehabilitation claims. The court must carefully consider the claims Pryor has brought forth and determine if the discrimination of Proposition 16 was purposefully adopted by adding certain education requirement to ultimately hinder the amount of scholarships awarded to incoming black student athletes. Throughout this case analysis, I will weigh the different evidence presented from both parties and report the court’s reasoning for decisions made in Pryor v.

     Title IX did much more than what the average mind thinks of when they hear the words: Title IX. I personally was interested in what people thought of when they heard this and did two simple interviews, one of my grandpa’s, a 73 year old man, and also interviewed my friend, Samm, who is a 19 year old female who just recently

If say you have a division 3 school, with 5500 students, 3000 men and 2500 women. The idea that the school is going to be able to have at least 75% of those students show or give interest towards a certain sport or a certain inter mural game, is very hard to actually accomplish. The idea that also, the underrepresented gender must have the ability to play the game is also very difficult to judge. I guess if a team can not win a game all season but has double the amount of interest than spots available on the team, maybe that would or would not require equal funding. I think this prong test of compliance needs to be re-evaluated.

In today’s society when it comes to college athletics everything is a competition. Whether it’s between the athletics themselves or which school has the best uniforms universities will find any reason to compete. They even found a way to make the newly passed rule in the NCAA a contest. In the New York Times article, “N.C.A.A. Ensures Athletes Will Get All They Can Eat”, published on April 24, 2014, Zach Schonbrun discusses what actions universities are taking to make sure their athletes are feed properly and how they will do anything to make sure they get the best. Schonbrun has an informative structure to his article. He begins it by giving his readers just enough information on the newly passed rule to get his readers interested. Then he goes into explaining who is affected, what actions universities are taking, and why this has just now be passed. He achieves his purpose of informing his readers and giving them all the necessary information.

This past June marked the 40th anniversary of Title IX, a United States law stating that no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. Although the wide spectrum in which Title IX covers includes many educational issues, its application to NCAA athletics has especially been confounded, because, unlike most educational institutions, athletic programs are gender-segregated by sport. In terms of intercollegiate athletics, Title IX essentially states that that all academic institutes of higher education are

In 1975, the regulations about areas covered by Title IX, written by DHEW, were finalized (Ware, 2007). Relative to compliance, DHEW gave elementary schools a one-year grace period and high schools, colleges, and universities were given three years (Ware, 2007). This gave educational facilities time to look over their programs and develop strategies to overcome the problems discovered (Ware, 2007). In 1979, DHEW put into law the final guidelines for the schools regarding standards of compliance (Ware, 2007). The effect on the athletics departments was met with more dissention than other parts of the school curriculum, primarily because of football. The high costs of travel and equipment, and large rosters of both scholarship and walk-on players,

Football has seen itself undergoing a paradigm shift in the past decades. As European football grew into the gigantic monolith it is today, an inflow of money found its way into the coffers of the Union des Associations Européennes de Football (UEFA). The Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations were initiated in principle to create a level playing field between clubs owned by business tycoons and those who are a bit more moderate in comparison. It is a sad sight that today, European club football is in truth, nothing short of an oligopoly of about ten clubs. This distorts the competitive balance not only among them, but among leagues all over Europe. Even though the FFP has been roped in to prevent this there have been widely publicized doubts over its claims of causing a harmonised and tighter regulation for all European clubs. It might be ineffective owing to its incompleteness, plausible inefficacy and humungous costliness. Even though the regulations are welcome with regards to controlling debt, hopes that it will make football more ethical and competitive, are foolhardy. Only time will tell as to how the ‘beautiful game’ will respond to FFP and how ‘fair’ and effective it really is.