Equilibrium Lab Report

1.Discuss the structure of the plasma membrane and explain the process of active and passive transport through the membrane.

5. The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the cell is called gas exchange. Which two body organ systems are involved in gas exchange? Which type of plasma membrane transport is used for gas exchange? Is this method best? Explain your answer.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine how the body prevents the build up of H2O2 in tissues. During the process of cellular respiration Carbon Dioxide and water are produced but occasionally Hydrogen Peroxide is formed as an

The objective of the experiment is to apply Le Chatelier's Principle, which is a system that responds to an external stress and then adjusts itself in order to alleviate the stress when it is at equilibrium. A reactant is added, and the equilibrium is reestablished, resulting in more products and fewer reactants, and thus, the position of equilibrium is shifted to the right. When a product is added, the equilibrium position is shifted to the left because there are more reactants and fewer products.

P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body.

12. How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? (P. 26 bottom right, p 29 mid left)

The same happens with Carbon Dioxide (CO2). The blood in the surrounding capillaries has a higher concentration of CO2 than the inspired air due to it being a waste product of energy production. This is when O2 and CO2 pass each other going back around the body systems to the heart. Once this is done the flow goes from Deoxygenated blood to Oxygenated blood.

The oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs and it goes through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium.

Explanation: A). Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells of organs and tissues and carbon dioxide from those organs and tissues to the lungs inside our body.

What happens to the equilibrium price and quantity after these changes are put into effect? Do they go up, down or stay the same?P:_____down_____________Q:_____down__________________

The Dorsal Respiratory Group in the brainstem consists of inspiratory neurons, which in coordination with inspiratory neurons of the Ventral Respiratory Group, receive signals by the afferent pathway from mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors and signal for inspiration. The phrenic motor neurons receive the efferent signal via the medulla oblongata to cause the diaphragm to contract down and external intercostal muscles to contract up and o, and the negative pressure causes air to enter lungs from the atmosphere. The oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide diffuses into lungs. Most oxygen molecules then bind to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The expiratory neurons of VRG send impulses to expiratory muscles of rectus abdominus and internal intercostals contract down while the diaphragm relaxes, and this causes air to leave the lugs and out the mouth or nostrils. The exhaled air contains about 5.6 percent CO2 (Dakota Gasification, n.d.).

Vertebrates have the ability to sustain in high and low altitude environments. Depending on the levels of oxygen in the environment, the body of a vertebrate accommodates to the changes internally through adjusting the efficiency of gas exchange in organs (lungs, skin, etc) and in the circulation of blood in the heart, vascular, and capillary systems (Webber, 2007). Four molecules of oxygen bind to a protein molecule called hemoglobin. It is made up of globulin chains that contain alpha or beta chains with an iron (Fe) atom in the center forming a haeme group. Oxygen has a high affinity to hemoglobin, and hemoglobin is essential for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the cells of tissue in the body and also returning carbon dioxide (CO2) back to lungs (Davis, 2015). Hemoglobin is essential for the survival of vertebrates, and this lab

Oxygen is not very soluble in an aqueous solution such as blood so it needs to bind to hemoglobin in order to be transported. Each of hemoglobin iron ions can bind to one oxygen molecule which means that hemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules at a time. The reason why oxygen binding to hemoglobin is very efficient is because of a process called “cooperative” binding.

Oxygen transfer in a vascular network that is essential for the tissue metabolism takes place at the level of microvasculature and capillaries through convection and diffusion. Oxygen delivery or convective flow of oxygen to the capillaries and oxygen extraction or diffusive transport of oxygen from hemoglobin (Hb) to tissue cells are the two limiting factors associated with oxygen transfer in a vascular network (Pittman, 2000).

Red blood cells (also referred to as erythrocytes) are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrateorganism's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues via the blood flow through thecirculatory system. They take up oxygen in the lungs or gills and release it while squeezing through the body'scapillaries.