Equine Demineralised Bone Matrix Case Study

Michael Longaker’s interests lie at the intersection of wound/bone regeneration and stem cell biology. In the Peripheral Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Candidate Cells Responsible for Healing Critical-Sized Calvarial Bone Defects, the efficacy of peripheral blood (PB) for use in regenerative medicine is significant, with its retrieval viewed as relatively easy. Experiments such as bone regeneration were carried out with the use of PB stem cells. The paper finds that through a specific coculturing process mesenchymal cells can be derived from PB (CD34+) which happen to be choice candidates for quicker bone healing and re-calcification in bone defects (Li). The key discoveries here are the identification of easily retrievable source of stem cells, which help give rise, under a specific culturing protocol, to a specific group of non-hematopoietic cells. This is directly in line with Dr. Longaker’s research as he investigates the possible uses of regenerative medicine in skeletal regeneration. Here we are provided an example of how these CD45- cells can be utilized for treatment of bone defects as it facilitations bone formation and osteogenesis. What should be asked here is how viable is this form of treatment. There is a lot of discussion surrounding the necessary conditions to produce these BD-MSCs and how it is very condition dependent. It would have been preferable to know the amount of time and the amount of cells required to see efficient

Natural bone tissue possesses a nanocomposite structure that provides appropriate physical and biological properties. For bone tissue regeneration, it is crucial for the biomaterial to mimic living bone tissue. Since no single type of material is able to mimic the composition, structure and properties of native bone, nanocomposites are the best choice for bone tissue regeneration as they can provide the appropriate matrix environment, integrate desirable biological properties, and provide controlled, sequential delivery of multiple growth factors for the different stages of bone tissue regeneration. Bioactive polymer/hydroxyapatite (nano) composites are currently being intensively investigated as materials for promotion of bone tissue regeneration

In 2011, Professor Susmita Bose, of Washington State University, modified a ProMetal 3D printer to bind chemicals to a ceramic powder, creating intricate scaffolds that promote the growth of bone in any shape. Prof. Bose’s goal is to, one day, be able to implant the bone scaffold with bone growth factors in such a way that the implant is dissolved by natural bone material in even load-bearing bone structures.

New attachment apparatus forms in infrabony defects through differential tissue response, increasing functional periodontal support. This functional periodontal support results in reduced pocket probing depths, reduced crestal bone loss, increased bone level, and increased clinical attachment levels (Trombelli, et al., 1997. P. 367). In one case study, treatment sites revealed a minimal mean bone level gain, and demonstrated an increased bone level from the baseline with regeneration of periodontal ligament and cementum in a span of 56 days (Vercellotti et al, 2005. P. 546-547). Although not all constructive surgery is eventful, osseous surgery proves to support the dentition and overall oral

After that, fracture callus will undergo the process of bone subtitution, followed with endochondral ossification, resulting in production of lamellar bone. Final remodelling of the bone is completed by deposition of compact bone by osteoblasts in resorption pits prepared by the osteoclasts (Gaston and Simpson, 2007). This natural osteonal healing would be done well if and only if these four prerequisites are active.

Dr Yinghong Zhou, a Postdoctoral fellow at IHBI, winning five awards last year alone, including the “Peter Doherty Australian biomedical-fellowship”. Formerly a Dentist with a keen interest in regeneration/repair, Yinghong joined the bone group in 2010. Highly experienced in surgery with rodents, offering pivotal training for this project, with major interests in

In recent years, advancements in the field of tissue engineering coupled with a growing demand from orthopedic medicine has led to the interlacing of these fields. This is most evident in the area of development or betterment of orthopedic implants. The needs and uses for orthopedic implants vary, but generally these implants are designed to replace, repair, or support a damaged bone or joint, or to fix a deformation. Specifically when developing a device to fix a medical bone issue, tissue engineering plays a crucial role. Because the implant will be going inside the body, a main area of concern is the biological characteristics of the material used, and how these will affect the compatibility between the implant and body. There has been various studies conducted that show a correlation between the biocompatibility of a material and osteoblast induction. Therefore, when engineering a material it is imperative to maximize the biocompatibility in order to induce osteoblast production, ultimately healing the damaged bone. This review

Progressing to an ageing population, the number of bone disorders and conditions is an increasing problem affecting millions of people today, with osteoporosis being a key example. Bone grafting is one form of a bone regeneration treatment for patients suffering from bone fractures and injuries, congenital abnormalities as well as reconstruction of the bones. Bone regeneration relies on several factors such as defect and graft size, tissue viability, shape and volume and cost. Although, the current gold standard for bone regeneration is “Autograft” , its limitations such as donor site morbidity and pain as well as rejection and the cost in association with bone harvesting post a setback.

Experimental study made by Hämmerle et al. reported that guided bone regeneration involving xenogeneic bone graft secured by a membrane provided more bone formation than the use of graft only. Therefore, xenogeneic bone graft guided by Resorb-x membrane was used in this study for guided bone regeneration.

Nowadays, bone repair and regeneration has become a popular issue that many scientists use varies method to attempt to solve this problem. Several papers mentioned that scientists tried to solve this problem by either using autograft or allograft bone tissues. Due to the limitations of autografting such as patient pain, donor site morbidity, and limited supply, allografting has been used as alternative. Before using allografting, the understanding of its compatibility, possible transmission of diseases, and immune reaction is quite important. Hence, the scaffolds need to be consider in many aspect because as a critical role for cell growth and attachment while providing a temporary support for the damage sites. Besides biopolymer, several inorganic materials such as metals or ceramics are widely used in bone tissue engineering recently to constitute the bone scaffolds.

Bone is a dynamic tissue which adapts its mass and architecture to the external loads constantly. Bone’s adaptation is finished through a coupled process of bone resorption by osteoclasts, and subsequent bone formation by osteoblasts, the so-called bone remodeling process [1, 2]. Optimal remodeling is responsible for bone health and strength throughout

Based on the principle of Melcher (1976), GTR can be considered as a therapeutic resource that facilitates the repair of bone and periodontal defects, furcation lesions and gingival recessions, regenerating tooth support tissues, through the use of barrier materials such as membranes, that exclude the gingival epithelium from the root surface and provide allow spaces held by the barrier membranes (BM) to be filled by desired tissue (bone). (2, 3) By selecting the type of cells that will repopulate the wound, we allow the cells of the periodontal ligament to regenerate the lost tissues, inhibiting the early migration of the epithelial cells. (4-6) Despite the use of biomaterials to support membranes seems to improve the results, there still are many problems

However, a poor re-establishment of the original bone tissue after reabsorption was in various studies reported.2,6 In order to increase the bone restauration after absorption of biocomposite suture anchors, a third generation of anchors, containing β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA), was recently developed.5,12 Which impact the addition of those osteoconductive materials on the osseous reaction have, is still unclear, and is currently being controversially discussed.9,16

Regeneration has been defined as the reproduction or reconstitution of a lost or injured part to restore the architecture and function of the periodontium. To be considered a regenerative modality, a material or technique must histologically demonstrate that bone, cementum and a functional periodontal ligament (a new attachment apparatus) can be formed on a previously diseased root surface. Bone grafts and their synthetic substitutes have been used in an attempt to gain this therapeutic endpoint. However, among the graft materials to date, only autogenous bone of extraoral or intraoral sources and demineralized freeze dried bone allograft have human histological evidence to include them as regenerative materials. More recently the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2 (Ishikawa et al. 1994), enamel matrix derivative (EMD) (Sculean et al. 1999), platelet-rich plasma (PRP) (Anitua et al. 2004), growth factors like platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (Lynch et al. 1989) and recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (Murakami et al. 2003) have been proposed as a source for periodontal regeneration. Initial investigation has demonstrated that anorganic bovine bone matrix supports the attachment and proliferation of osteoblastic cells in vitro (Stephan et al. 1999). Indeed, human histologic studies have concluded that this bone substitute is osteoconductive and incorporated in new bone

Decades ago, numerous studies toke place on bone growth and healing with the use of guided bone regeneration concepts. Bone has been considered as the one tissue with the greatest potential for regeneration among the many tissue in the body. A long time ago in 1889 senn reported that the present of decalcified bone could encourage healing of the bone defects (170). Guided bone regeneration is frequently used the same concept for hard tissue reconstruction (128, 171, 172). The treatment concept includes the application of occlusive membranes for the regeneration of osseous defects. The membrane induce osteogenic cell population coming from the parent bone tissue by excluding the non-osteogenic cell population from the surrounding soft tissues, thereby inhibit the osseous wound (173-176). Actually, the placement of mechanical membranes over the jaw bone defects resulted in effective results in rabbits (177) and over cranial defects in rats (178). Therefore, guided bone regeneration (GBR) was introduced as a therapeutic modality aiming to achieve bone regeneration, via the use of barrier membranes (87).