Erikson 's Theory Of Psychosocial Development And Bronfenbrenner 's Ecological Theory

Developmental Psychology is the study of human growth during childhood, and throughout an individual lifespan. During the development of an individual, Erick Erickson’s eight stages of life theory can be applied. Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory has eight stages and “unique development we go through life. At each stage, a unique level developmental task confronts Individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point marked by both increased vulnerability and enhanced potential” (John W. Santrock). Erikson’s main focused was to see the development of n individual’s social and physical context and relationships with others during Erikson’s eight stages of life. The eight stages of life is: Trust versus mistrust (Infancy 1 year-olds), Autonomy versus shame and doubt (infancy 1 to 3 years-olds), Initiative versus guilt (early childhood 3 to 5 year-olds), Industry versus inferior (6 year-olds to puberty), Identity versus identity confusion (10 to 20 year-olds), Intimacy versus isolation (20 to 30 year olds), Generativity versus stagnation (40 to 50 year-olds), Integrity versus despair (60 and onwards). Each of this stages can be applied to any one’s life but depending on their experiences, challenges, and interactions will make impact their identities to be different from others. Although I have not fully experienced life I will be applying Erikson’s eight stages of life to my life.

Since the development of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial model of development in the 1960s, it has become one of the most widely used measurements for studying emotional and personality development across the human lifespan (Dunkel & Harbke, 2017). Erikson’s model contains eight developmental stages, beginning in infancy and progressing until old age, and as a person ages they begin to pass through the stages, with a new psychological crisis arising at each stage (Svetina, 2014). Whitbourne, Sneed and Sayer (2009) describe how the outcome of each crisis is met with identity attainment and new personal adaptations (positive outcome), or with an incoherent identity (negative outcome). Additionally, each new stage allows for the reassessment of previous achievements, and in some cases, failures (Dunkel & Harbke, 2017). Erikson’s model is commonly recognised as a developmental ladder – each previous stage lays a foundation before an individual can progress toward the next stage (Malone, Liu, Valliant, Rentz & Waldinger, 2016). It is important to note that whilst they are referred to as “stages”, they should be viewed as being on a continuum rather than fixed categories (Dunkel & Harbke, 2017).

For a human, being alone in life is probably one of the most difficult problems in life a person can face. For any human it is better to face life with a partner then to face it alone. Falling in love takes on somewhat of a priority in life, in order to not be alone. When facing the issues both good and bad in life, handling them with a partner is better than handling it alone. For most people falling in love and remaining in love takes on a high expectation in their lives. It is these high expectations that can actually turn out to be very detrimental to a relationship. High expectations for a relationship will begin with the selection of a partner, to the commitment of the relationship and in the length in time of the relationship. The present paper will indicate a progression along with insight into the initial attraction, romantic love, and the death of a relationship. Focusing on the various high and possibly detrimental expectations in a relationship would make for a more realistic approach towards a more successful relationship.

Early adulthood is the point in a human 's life where he or she is able to establish intimate relationships as well as friendships. Studies suggest that one is not fully developmentally complete without the formation of intimate relationships, for without them a person would become isolated and develop a fear of commitment, and likely, a mistrust in other people. To be able to form such intimate relationships one must have appropriately progressed through the earlier stages of life successfully.

Erik Erikson was the most remarkable theorist in human development. He described eight stages of development, each exemplifying a challenging developmental crisis. Though the first few stages were built on Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, Erikson furthered his theory into the adult stages of life (Berger, 2014). Erikson’s major focus in theory was about identity, mostly in the adolescence period but also in childhood and adulthood. He was the first to explore how the society relates to the psychological makeup of an individual. Erikson stated, “Individual and society are intricately woven, dynamically related in continual change (Sokol, 2009).” Each stage of development emphasize family and culture and how each affects the individual through development. Erikson did not designate each stage of his theory with one name, he assigned each stage with two titles. He did this because most people do not fall directly into one developmental description or crisis.

Erik Erikson (1902-1994) provided a new perspective of psychosocial behavior and development while expanding on the works of other theorists. Erikson believed there to be eight stages of psychosocial development which a person transitions through. These stages start at birth and end with old age/death. Erikson’s work is used throughout many outlets of social work. Social workers use this information to help them figure out what is going on with clients and how best to help them. Erikson provides a clear and accurate perception of the various transitions in a person 's psychosocial development.

Erik Erikson’s identification of the several stages of psychosocial development is a brilliant theory. He acknowledged the significance of the unconscious mind and early childhood, as well as, furthered his studies and developed his own ideas. It provides a good base of knowledge for understanding what conflicts individuals may be facing at their particular developmental levels. This involves developing a sense of trust in others, a sense of identity in society, and assisting the next generation for the future. The Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial stages of development accuracy can perhaps be demonstrated when reflected to one’s life’s span. I was surprised by the accuracy of the stages when reflected to my own, especially my current stage which is Erikson’s sixth stage (young adulthood, 20 to 39 years old) Intimacy vs Isolation. In this stage, the most important factor is intimate relationships. I can strongly relate to Erikson’s theory of this stage where he asserts, it is not the quantity, but the quality of the relationships that

11. What are the eight conflicts or crises in Erikson’s model of psychosocial development? (1) 0-2 years old Trust vs Mistrust. (2) 2-4 years autonomy vs shame and doubt (3) 4-5 years initiative vs guilt (4) 5-12: industry vs. inferiority (5) 13-19: identity vs. role confusion (6) 20-24: Intimacy vs. isolation (7) 25-64: generatively vs. stagnation (8) 65- death: ego integrity vs. despair

Erik Erikson’s theory emphasizes the search for identity during the adolescent years (Feldman, 2013). His ideas were greatly influenced by Freud, going along with Freud’s (1923) theory regarding the structure and topography of personality (McLeod, 2008). Erikson’s theory is broken down into eight different stages. The first stage is ‘Trust-vs.-mistrust’, which approximate ages for this stage is Birth- 1 ½ years old. The positive outcomes of this stage is the feelings of trust from environmental support but the negative outcomes of this stage are fear and concern

Ashley is six year old and she is in first grade. Base on Erikson’s theory, she is in stage 4 : Industry vs. Inferiority.

Course concepts that I identified in young adulthood for 18-24 year olds were intimacy versus isolation, and implementation. Young adults are in Erikson 's stage of intimacy versus isolation the girls whom, I distributed the questions are in this phase of development. In young adulthood years, this is a time for self-discovery searching for their true selves. This is done by either getting involved in intimate relationships or being isolated. Three of the participants experienced intimacy while participant two experienced isolation. They did not successfully find their own identity, which caused them to be reliant on their partner 's identity or fearful of entering a serious relationship (Kail, 2013). When their relationships ended, they did not have a sense of their own identity seemed to view their sense of self strongly associated with their romantic interest. For example, realizing they had to do what was best for them noticing that at times it is better to be alone. In this age trying to form relationships with others, but these can end up in heartbreak. Therefore, it results in having a problematic time coping with this loss of intimacy. For instance, participant five assuming that her academic performance will suffer because of her breakup with her significant other.

The adolescent years last from around the ages of 11 or 12 to the ages 18 or 19. This is a primary time in development of a person 's life. There are many theories to describe the things that happen during this time period, however, all of them do not apply to every human being, and some are more accurate than others. A lot of the larger theories do not just exist in the adolescent part of life, adolescence is just a stage in the theory.

The transition from childhood to emerging adulthood consists of a unique and distinctive period in an individual’s life regarding their network of platonic and romantic relationships. Extra-familial relationships become more central in an individual’s social world; thus, an individual’s capacity for intimate relationships begins to develop with both friends and romantic partners (Allen & Land, 1999). Simultaneously, a romantic partner quickly becomes the focus in one’s relationship hierarchy (Collins & van Dulmen, 20006). Each emerging adult’s relationship quality as well as their attachment bond with their romantic partners constitutes a primary role in their transition into adulthood (Arnett, 2000), and it is also important in

Erick Erickson (1950,1963) proposed to a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development comprising eight stages from infancy to adult with each stage a person will experience some sort of psychosocial experience that may have a negative or positive outcome for their personal development. The psychosocial have eight stages each stage are depending the age of the child. The stages are; trust vs mistrust this is the infancy stage at this stage the infant is uncertain about the world they live in to end the feeling of uncertainty the infant looks upon their primary care giver for stability, autonomy vs shame this is the early child hood stage children who complete this stage successfully leave feeling secure and confident in themselves while for those who do not are left with a sense of shame and doubt of self, initiative vs guilt play age children display curiosity about the world, and begin to assert their power and contract of the world through direct play and social interaction they also feel a sense of guilt when they take a negative initiative and are punished, industry vs inferiority the school age if a child is praised for doing their best and encouraged to finish task then industry may result, while the child who ant master their school work may think of themselves as a failure and feeling inferiority may arise, identity vs role confusion the adolescence stage this is the main stage and most important development task for adolescents are to constructer their own unique sense of identity and find the social environment where they can belong to and have meaningful relationship( Chen, Lay Wu, & Yao, 2007), intimacy vs isolation young adult, adults who successful in resolving the conflict of this stage are able to develop deep meaningful relationship with others while adults who struggles with this stage experience poor relationship ( Cherry, Gans), generative vs stagnation adulthood stage failing to achieve this stage they become stagnant and feel unproductive while success in it will lead to the feeling of virtue and care(McLeod), and lastly ego integrity vs despair maturity stage to be successful in this stage the person is