Erikson's Eigh Life-Span Stages at Stage 2

In the early 20th-century, interest in the field of child development emerged. Researchers and theorists studied the ways in which children grew, learned, and, in some instances, were shaped by societal influences (Weiland, 1993). The study of child development enables us to appreciate and understand the social, emotional, physical, educational, and cognitive growth that children go through from birth to early adulthood. Grand theories attempt to organize and arrange concepts and aspects of development using a step approach. Such as that of Erik Erikson’s theory, the Psychosocial Identity Development theory, in which he addresses the development of personal, emotional, and social progression in an individual through stages (Pretorius et al., 2015). Erikson’s model for the approach of development involves the focus of overcoming conflicts that individuals encounter over the span of their childhood that influence their ego identity, or the conscious sense of self that develops and constantly changes due to new experiences and information that is acquired through daily interactions with others and events. In Erikson’s theory, he believed that each person experienced a conflict that served as a defining moment in their development that essentially shaped who they would become later on in life; he believed that unresolved problems of adult life echoed unresolved conflicts of one’s childhood (Berger, 2011).

The parents, in this case, are critical social agents to help the toddler learn how to develop. The third stage according to Erikson is the initiative stage where the child uses their imagination to fulfill ideas expressing themselves freely. They also imitate their parents, wanting to take responsibilities and to act as an adult. Being unable to fulfill the ideas creates a feeling of guilt, thus finding a balance is important for the successful advance of this stage. Erikson’s t 4th stage explains the confidence and difficulties of learning to read or write, things children wish to achieve but are insecure to do because they compare themselves with others. The process seems overwhelming but it is a natural process of learning that takes the time to master. Freud in this stages mentioned before explains the pleasure derived from urination in the anal stage, from stimulating genitals and from the attraction to others in the phallic stage. The latency stage described by Freud agrees more with the 4th stage since the child turns his attention to school work and

In this life stage an average child will start developing writing skills, throwing and skipping also permanent teeth will begin to grow. Also children will become stronger and taller and baby fat will be lost. Intellectual:

A theory proposed by Erik Erikson (1950, 1963) promotes the eight development stages of adolescents through adulthood by comparing the transitory periods. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for identity and personality development. The first stage is trust vs. mistrust, this stage starts at birth and end at the age of one year. This stage also explains the safety that the infant is getting from the caregiver. For example, if the infant receives constant care, they will develop a sense of trust which will be carried out with them to other and future relationships. The second stage is autonomy vs. shame and doubt; this stage occurs at the age of two to three years old. In this stage, the child is mainly discovering their skills and abilities. The third stage is Initiative vs. Guilt; this stage occurs around age three to age

The second stage is the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage, which occurs in early childhood. During this time period, children are discovering they have multiple abilities and skills. Erikson’s theory states that it is vital for children to be able to explore the limits of their abilities in a supportive environment that is permissive of failure. If the child is supported in their attempts at independence, they become more confident, but if they are over-controlled and criticized, the child will feel a sense of doubt in their abilities and may become overly dependent on

Erikson’s (1968, 1980, 1982) psychosocial stages of development provide a framework for the different stages of development throughout the human lifespan. These stages of development begin at birth and continue until death, and separate the lifespan into eight stages based on chronological age. Within these eight different aging stages are corresponding psychosocial stages. Each of these psychosocial stages represent a conflict between two characteristics of development for that particular time period in a person’s life.

The purpose of assignment is to understand the human growth associated with each lifecycle group. There are eight age groups with each has its own stage of development and related tasks. This assignment covers stage 4, “Identity vs Inferiority” middle childhood (6-12 years), ”Identity versus Identity-Confusion” stage 5, (13-20 years) covering early childhood, and Intimacy vs. Isolation stage 6, (20-40 years), early adulthood. Identity growth and development is not identical for each group and each child and is depending on so many other things, how a child is raised by parents and supported by caregivers, exposed to the outside world and the environment.

Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory is also part of the psychodynamic perspective. According to Erikson (Berk, 2007) society and culture have an influence on human development. In contrast to Freud whose theory that proposed development was complete by adolescence (Berk, 2007), Erikson’s theory argues that development is continuous throughout the lifespan and occurs in eight stages. The first stage of development, trust versus mistrust, occurs during infancy (birth to 1-year-old). During this stage if an infant’s basic needs are met by a responsive and attentive caregiver, the infant will begin to trust the caregiver, thus establishing the foundation for future trust relationships. In contrast if an infant does not receive enough or irregular care, or if caregivers are unresponsive, the infant can develop mistrust. The autonomy versus shame and doubt is the next stage, which occurs between the first and third years

Erikson’s first stage of development is that of infancy which focuses on the child’s first 18 months of life. During this time a child is supposed to develop optimism, trust, confidence, and security. These key elements are developed through the love and care of a parent or primary care giver. If these elements are not nurtured then a child is more likely to develop mistrust, insecurities, and the feeling of worthlessness (Erikson 1968). During this stage of my own life, I can say that I received a great deal of love and nurturing from both of my parents. Of course I do not remember this stage in my life, but I have often heard stories about my early years. I was told that

Going along with this, Erikson’s Life Span Theory presents a lot of ideas that I agree with when it comes to raising children. Erikson believes that there are eight stages where an individual will face a crisis. The crisis infants will face is trust or mistrust of their caregiver. I believe this goes back to nurture, because if you show your child that you are there for them they should develop trust in you rather than mistrust. The crisis they face during toddlerhood is autonomy or shame and doubt. This stage is where they begin to develop a sense of self and want to start doing things more on their own. When beginning to raise my infant, I hope they display personality similarities to fearless, energetic children. The description of

Erikson felt that the child can develop self-esteem and autonomy, as it is during these years that children are learning to become independent by doing things for themselves like potty training. Erikson also felt during this stage the child is able to also learn new skills if child fails to do so the child can then possibly become a defiant child. The goal of this stage is to develop will.

Many of our temperament traits are evident at birth. However, other characteristics such as trust, guilt and competency are learned based upon our life experiences and the support we receive as we grow and develop. Based upon his research, Erikson became aware of the influence maturation and social demands have on behavior and ultimately on our development. He believed these two forces "push[ed] humans everywhere through…[a set of] eight psychosocial crises" (Sigelman, C. & Rider, E., 2009, pg.332). He organized life into eight stages that extend from birth to death.

During these phases, the children are experiencing physically and mentally demanding developments that are crucial in order to become a happy and healthy adult. In this stage, a toddler, for example might be learning how to spell, while a teenager might be learning how to drive a car. Both are pivotal points in one's life that cannot be overlooked. It is common that parents might be surprised by “how big they are getting” but they also need to keep in mind that these ages are important for learning new things. At both respective ages, the two are going through intense physical and mental developments that are shaping their future.

Erikson developed eight stages of human development. Briefly I would describe all eight my I will concentrate on stages five and six which are adolescence and young adulthood. Myer describes the stages in the following manner. Stage one occurs during the first year This stage is called infancy (trust vs. mistrust) during this stage if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust. The second stage is called the toddler stage (autonomy vs. shame and doubt). This stage occurs while the baby is two years old, in this stage toddlers learn to exercise will do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. The third stage is called the preschooler between the ages of three and five (initiative vs. guilt). During this stage preschoolers learn to initiate

In continuation from Freud 's theoretical perspective, Erik Erikson overlaps in theory and expansion with Freud’s five stages and adding three adult stages (Berk, 2013). However, Erikson differs from Freud in various regards. In addition to expanding on psychosexual stages above childhood, Erikson focuses additional importance on historical and social influence (Feist & Feist, 2006). In fact, Erik Erikson, psychosocial stages theory suggests the significance over-all psychosocial development between the parent-child relationship (Leggett, 2017). Erikson postulates that the first stage infants seek their basic essential needs relies on trust versus mistrust, which is parental responsiveness that helps infants to determine the first year of psychological conflict (Leggett, 2017), for example. Subsequently, throughout the second stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, a toddler pursues further independence and can experience discouragement if feeling shame (Leggett, 2017), for instance. In his psychosocial theory, Erikson suggests that negotiations amongst the id desires and the influences of the superego, the ego creates a beneficial developmental influence, attaining ways of thinking and creating abilities which make individuals contributing and active family and community members (Dunkel & Sefcek. 2009). Interestingly, Erikson writes that although the interaction between the