Erythropoietin Essay

Anemia is a disorder of the blood. It occurs when your body does not produce enough erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs). Without the erythrocytes oxygen can not be adequately delivered to the tissues and organs throughout the body. This will cause you to become weak and tired. A person may also experience headaches, skin pallor, and faintness. Your body may attempt to compensate for these symptoms by speeding up the heart rate and respiratory rate. This is the body’s attempt to return oxygen levels to normal(Thibodeau and Patton, 2005).

According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), also the organization that creates the rules for the Olympic games involving drugs, has banned the use of PED’s because many people have abused it/used it to their own advantage for competitions. The international conference of government and sports condemned the use of PED’s and if an athlete is found making a use of these substances their sport career will resolve into a 2 year suspension, because it is a form of illegal substance. Which it could result into issues with the law. A new rule is coming upon the the Olympic games and professional sports teams that players/athletes are going to be needed blood test monthly to prevent

During the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China had more than 4,700 competitors tested for drug doping. Peptide hormones, growth factors, and related substances are compounds that include treatment of cancer or aiding those born prematurely. The presence of the abnormal concentration of a hormone, it 's metabolites and it 's ratios or markers all contain prohibited substances that include human growth hormone (hGH), erythropoietin (EPO), insulin, human chronic gonadotrophin (HCG) and adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). The effects one may have using this is a stroke, heart attack, thyroid problems, loss of vision, headaches, diabetes, arthritis, and severe headaches.

Blood transfusions became popular between the 1970s and 1980s with a diverse population of professional athletes. EPOs (a natural hormone made by the kidney’s) followed blood transfusions and gained their popularity in the late 1980s (Eichner). The effects of EPOs were seen through the many health risks that the athletes encountered including the death of 20 European cyclists over a period of 4 years (Eichner). The 1998 Tour de France also saw its fair share of EPO use among athletes with one team being disqualified and 6 more teams dropping out (Eichner). Later came the use of synthetic or artificial blood. In recent years athletes have been accused of, and caught, using all of these methods to increase their endurance and performance. Tests are improving to be able to detect when an athlete has used one of these methods.

The Olympics now have various organizations and committees delegated to testing for and eliminating the use of performance enhancing drugs. The most recent Olympic committee for the Games in Vancouver was partnered with the World Anti-Doping Agency, the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport, L’Institut national de la recherche scientifique — Institut Armand-Frappier, the United States Anti-Doping Agency, and LifeLabs to collect and test approximately 2450 blood and urine samples (“Anti-Doping Initiatives”). Their meticulousness and commitment was most definitely justified. Olympic athletes implicitly agree to a social contract of fair competition. Those athletes who take steroids have an unfair advantage over those who do not, and therefore these athletes are breaking this social contract.

In recent years the number of athletes caught using drugs has increased dramatically. The use of a illegal or unprescribed drugs can cause serious problems and unfairness in many ways. Certain drugs can cause harm to the user and the people around the user, most student athletes do not even know what they are putting into their bodies. With all the risks many persons propose student athletes to be drug tested at random.

The soviet union has created a testing plan to test athletes for steroid use. “Under the testing plan, athletes from each nation will be given no more than two days notice to report urine sample test,” stated Marty Duda, “athletes who fail or refuse to be tested will be barred from competition for up to two years. Athletes may be barred for life if they test positive for a second time.” Welch says, “ My teammate took them, and it was so hard to get off. You see what steroids do, and you get to where you don't know if it's you or the steroids." They should be testing athletes for steroid use nothing else, because steroid use is what will ruin your

Recently, the number of athletes being caught using drugs has increased majorly. Few athletes are using drugs as a performance-enhancer, and few several others are just using illegal drugs to do it. No one knows the exact stats to this since some athletes never are caught including not having any choice but to suffer the aftermath of taking drugs. Participants are using anabolic as well as other similar steroids to improve their ways of playing, be the greatest, and have hope to being noticed. Not all though, others are only using illegal drugs for stuff related to making them feel pleasant about themselves, or they’re obsessed with it. Although some professionals are not using performance-enhancing drugs, the fact that

According to the article Drug testing in sports “PED’s causes many problems in professional sports”. Professional athletes often get in trouble with certain drugs because they don’t think they are illegal. Many athletes take drugs or prescriptions that are legal, but these drugs often get put on the banned substance list. The banned substance list gets updated daily with drugs deemed illegal by the United States Anti-Doping Agency and the International Olympic Committee. While there are agencies to stop the use of PED’s, there are also people who are for the use of these drugs through safe methods. According to the article why we should allow performance-enhancing drugs in sports Taking EPO or Erythropoietin up to the safe level, say 0.5, is not a problem. This allows athletes to correct for natural inequality. There are of course some drugs that are harmful in themselves —for example, anabolic steroids. We should focus on detecting these because they are harmful not because they enhance performance. (Clayton 1). This is unethical because it takes away the fairness in sports. The players or athletes should stay limited to the drugs that are prescribed by their teams and team

Altitude training is practised by endurance athletes who train for several weeks at high altitude, Over 2,500 metres above sea level, or at intermediate altitudes due to the shortage of suitable altitude training locations. Even at intermediate levels the air still contains approximately 20.9% oxygen, but partial pressure of oxygen is reduced (West J., et al, 1996)

The purpose of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is to observe haematological markers (markers of blood doping), to point out any suspicion of blood doping in the individual’s haematological sample. The ABP is a valuable program which provides information that can be used to direct Target Testing for anti-doping investigations. With the help of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the ABP was created to set an official operating and mandatory standards to follow the ABP guidelines. The ABP program promotes anti-doping in the sports world (which include the athletes who compete on an international or national level), who are subject to the National Anti-Doping Organization Code rules. Athletes who violate these rules are subject to consequences

Blood doping I widely used by many athletes in the late 1900’s. The International Olympic Committee has banned the use of blood doping (Rosen, 2008). Until today, detecting blood doping has been an issue in sports. Agencies are having difficulty identifying blood transfusion or EPO usage by athletes. According to Jelkman & Lundby (2012), blood doping practices cannot be traced right away or at worse it is not

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a naturally occurring hormone and is made up of acid glycoprotein hormones, it is mainly involved in the maintenance of regenerating electrocytes (red blood cells) through a process called erythropoiesis. The kidneys are the control centre for the production of red cell mass they hold a large blood supply with over a litre of blood per minute in a healthy adult, the renal circulatory receives around 20% of the cardiac output. EPO is formed within the renal cortex of an adult kidney. Found in the kidneys are renal Epo-producing and oxygen-sensing (REPOS) cells, these cells are specifically sensitive to the amount of oxygen flowing through the kidneys as they detect the oxygen levels within electrocytes and assist to

In 1966, FIFA and Cycling were the first sports to introduce doping tests in their world championships. The International Olympics Committee followed suit the following year, and it tested athletes in the 1968 Olympic Games. By the year 1999, the IOC convened the first World Conference on Doping in Sports, which lead to the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) on November of the same year. By 200, the fight against the use of EPO was ongoing and tests were undertaken during the Sydney Olympics. Currently, more research is undertaken

A hyperbaric chamber, in some severe cases. A hyperbaric chamber is a clear, cylindrical, enclosed space. You lie inside of the chamber, and oxygen is pumped into the chamber. This speeds up the process in which oxygen is absorbed and replaces the carbon monoxide in your blood.