Erythropoietin Summary

On the other hand transfusions can cause the risks to go up for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and even HIV as well as the risk of allergic reactions, hives, fevers, and a dangerously high iron buildup. All of the named risks can be life threatening if not taken seriously. Blood doping has became a recently popular use of performance enhancing drugs. Until blood doping became popular athletes just used steroids and other typical substances to “boost” their performance and alertness in games. Although this method is illegal it can also be very difficult to detect due to the fact that a natural hormone known as Erythropoietin can trick the testing into believing the body has been in fact, doped. Hence the reason

Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood occurs when the body temporarily stops making red blood cells. When this happens, the number of red blood cells in the body gradually falls below normal. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the tissues of the body. When there are fewer red blood cells than normal (anemia), not enough oxygen is carried to the tissues. Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood goes away on its own, usually within 1–2 months. Children who have had the condition once usually will not have it again.

Subjects were given their treatment of either beetroot juice or placebo ninety minutes prior to commencing the examination. Then, they began the treadmill portion of the exam, where VO2, VCO2 and RER data was collected at each varying intensity of the test. After completion of the treadmill test, subjects were then taken to an indoor track to complete the 1500m TT. This began 2.5 hours post-supplementation. After completion of the TT, subjects were then briefly quizzed to confirm the anonymity of the treatment they received. There were four experimental trials performed, with blood sampling occurring at the conclusion of each for plasma NO3 analysis. Throughout the course of the experiment, dietary standards were set in order to reduce confounding variables that would potentially alter the accuracy of the experimental procedure. Additionally, the supplementation blinding used by the experimenters was very successful, as subjects were only able to correctly identify the treatment they received 50% of the

Athletes and the everyday, ordinary person will not have the same optimal hemoglobin level because their lifestyles are very different. Athletes normally have a below average hemoglobin level and that may be seen as a sign for anemia. The reason the hemoglobin level is lower in athletes than in the everyday person is because the plasma volume expands and the number of red blood cells increases during a workout.7 This plasma volume expansion causes the hematocrit to be lower in athletes compared to that of non-athletes. If athletes were to take Epogen, this would increase the hematocrit and the uptake of iron, and therefore the hemoglobin levels. A highly increased hematocrit will increase the blood viscosity and can put strain on the heart and can lead to cardiac overload.7 This shows that too high of a hemoglobin level and hematocrit in athletes can lead to heart failure, so the amount of Epogen taken can be dangerous. Many athletes have been found using a technique called “blood doping” to increase their athletic performance. Epogen is used to increase the amount of oxygen that is available to the body by chemically raising the production of the red blood cells and therefor raising the hemoglobin concentration in the body.8 The use of this drug this way can cause more harm than good if the hemoglobin level goes too high. Blood doping in athletes can result in death due to adverse reactions

Another often overlooked source of erythrocyte loss found to be greater in athletes and following exercise is gastrointestinal blood loss, which, in addition to other causes, can lead to an iron deficiency. Marathon runners, due to their high volume of training, secrete more blood than the average individual, suggesting this can contribute to the acquisition of an iron deficiency. The author cites two studies, one conducted by Laurence F. McMahon and the other by David A. Alquist, in which gastrointestinal blood loss of distance runners was measured and analyzed. The studies concluded that approximately one third of the racers experienced a blood loss of at least 3 milliliters of blood every day, at least 1 milliliter more than the non-racers’

Autologous transfusion is the reinfusion of athlete’s own red blood cell a few days after extraction. The second type of transfusion is called Homologous transfusion. Homologous transfusion is taking blood from a matched donor of an athlete. Both have the same effects as it increases the red blood cell production days before reinfusion of more red blood cells in the athlete’s body. Another type of blood doping is the increase of Erythropoietin (EPO) in the body. EPO is a type of hormone that increases the RBC production in the body (McArdle, Katch, & Katch, 2012). According to Elliot, 2008, Schimacher & Ashden, 2004, as stated in Olivera, Barrios, & Yonamine’s (2014) article, there is a newly found form of blood doping called artificial oxygen carriers called hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and perflurocarbons emulsions.

In 1998, Biopure Corporation is one of the three legitimate contenders in the emerging field of “blood substitutes”. Biopure has invested $200M on the R&D on blood substitutes in the past with its primary goal being the development of a human blood substitute ( Hemopure) but Its entry into animal market (Oxyglobin) had been some

Athletes can naturally create a higher red blood count by training in high altitudes. They do this because the air is "thinner" at high altitudes meaning there are fewer oxygen molecules per volume of air. This first became evident during the 1968 summer Olympics in Mexico City. Athletes that lived and trained in higher altitudes generally did better in long distance competitions. Every breath taken at a high altitude delivers less of what working muscles require. Athletes can do one of two main ways to increase red blood cells in the body unnaturally. They could remove a fair amount of their blood well before a competition, separate the red blood cells from plasma, and then re-insert the red blood cells prior to the competition. Another way to increase Red Blood Cells is to inject the drug Erythropoietin (EPO)

When testing Staphylococcus aureus, erythromycin was the most effective antibiotic. For Hemophilus influenzae, penicillin was the most effective, and for Streptococcus pneumoniae, amoxicillin was the most effective.

Artificial erythropoietin can also be used. By increasing the number of erythropoietin in your blood you increase the amount of oxygen that can be brought to your muscles and organs, resulting in fewer discomfort in muscles during workout and more endurance, stamina, and enhanced performance.

Athletes for years have been trying new drugs and training in order to gain a competitive edge over their components. A more recent pharmaceutical drug those athletes are trying would be Erythropoietin, or EPO. According to an entry in the Encyclopædia Britannica, EPO works by “increasing or decreasing the rate of red cell production in accordance with need.” Athletes are taking this hormone by injecting it into their bloodstream in order to enhance their performance, otherwise known as blood doping. Brzeziańska, Domańska, & Jegier (2014) stated “The expected effect of the physiological expression of the EPO gene would be increased endurance.” It is clear EPO would be used more for those athletes involved in distance sports, such as marathon

Blood doping and EPO use by elite athletes is an unprofessional way of ‘making their way to the top’. Athlete’s bodies are affected by the use of these additional cells and can have a major outcome on how they perform in the long run - future. “This is an illegal act by athletes and can majorly effect the body and its homeostasis.” says Savannah Rhind.

This will make you feel tired, breathless, and make you loose color. If a person does not get enough iron then they can't make enough hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that is the chief means of oxygen transport. If the red blood cells does not get oxygen it will change shape. If you have the sickle cell disease your cells split at high altitudes and they get stuck is small blood vessels. If you have too many red blood cells it reduces fatigue by increasing the supply of oxygen to the exercising muscles. These are all malfunctions that can happen to the red blood

The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythromatosus (SLE) is believed to be complex, owing to its autoimmune nature, variable clinical presentations and its multifactorial association with environmental and genetic factors [1]. Infections, as a major environmental factor have been implicated to play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE in genetically susceptible individuals [2]. Moreover, evidence suggests that SLE patients are more susceptible to a number of infections [3]. Epstein-barr virus (EBV) is one of the most studied infectious agent in these contexts. Some studies have shown that EBV is more prevalent among SLE patients especially those below 20 years of age compared to healthy individuals [4]. Higher levels of antibodies to early viral

It is my belief that the authors(Lancaster et al., 2004) were justified in using this citation. To run experiments with human subject’s ethical approval is needed and for this they received their approval from the Ethical Committee of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki. Which has appeared in other articles related to research based on Hsp72 (Peart et al., 2011). For this experimental procedure factors needed to be controlled to ensure they had no effect on results for example, uptake of nutrients and environmental conditions. These were controlled by having a period of fasting and specific carbohydrate drinks to drink during exercise and the room temperature kept at 21±1°c. Although these are good points for the method, it also comes into criticism as well. Firstly the use of a catheter in the antecubital vein with no mention on how stressful this could be on the subjects. An improvement on this method would be to take blood samples without a catheter either at the start and end of the exercise session or at intervals during the session (Magalhães et al., 2010). Secondary the use of only 6 highly trained men with a mean age range of 26±2 years as a sample size, this doesn’t fairly represent the population and from my research I can find no large size study for this topic with the greatest sample size being 16 men (Périard, Ruell, Caillaud, & Thompson,