Escherichia Cell Biology

There are three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They include membrane-bound organelles, presence of a nucleus, and being multicellular or unicellular.

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similarities just like they have differences. They both are types of cells, use a cell membrane, contain ribosomes, and store DNA. Furthermore, they differ in size, where they store their genetic material, what kinds of organelles are found in each, the kind of DNA they have, and the makeup of their cell walls. All living organisms are important; however, what they are made from is just as

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. The chromosomes which are found in prokaryotes are usually spread in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells the chromosomes remain together inside the nucleus and there is a clear nuclear membrane that is surrounding the nucleus.

Escherichia Coli, located in one of the main organs known as the large intestine, is a type of bacteria that helps digestion. (Trzepacz, Timmons, and Duobinis-Gray, 2016) For Escherichia Coli to remain stable and alive, it needs specific necessities. These needs are known as the following: Energy, vitamins, and similar compounds. Escherichia Coli is found everywhere!

Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic, commonly called blue-green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most commonly associated in the general

The orgimsms involved in Escherichia coli 0157 is an anaerobic bacterium which is shaped like a rod and is Gram-negative. Escherichia is a foodborne pathogen which causes a variety of disease in humans worldwide. Cattle are the reservoir to the diseases. Between 1% and 50% of healthy cattle carry or shed E.coli by means of their faeces. The cattle can also contract the infection after slaughter as conmtanation can occur during slaughter or while the beef is being proceed into products suitable for human consumption. In the United states the most common way of transmission of the disease is through consuming contaminated food and water. Although it is also frequently spread from person to person impartial in communities where there is a high concentration of children such as child care services and primary schools.

When it comes to Biology there are two important types of cells. One type would be Eukaryotic cells and the second type would be bacterial cells. All cells have four common cell structures, for example, genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. Eukaryotic and bacterial cells have five distinct structures with their unique functions. Eukaryotic cells are relatively larger than bacterial cells. Therefor, Eukaryotic cells have structures that have different functions compared to bacteria. Flagella, cell wall, plasma membrane, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and cytoplasm are structures that are common on both cell types but have a different function and location due to the size of the cells.

Prokaryotic cells do not contain nuclei. Instead of having a nucleus to carry the DNA, these cells contain plasmids with circular DNA, as well as having most of the DNA float freely inside the cytoplasm. The plasmids carry the information necessary to keep the cell alive. For example including genes that make the bacteria cell resistant to antibiotics.

Escherichia Coli, or E. coli, resides in the large intestine where it assists digestion and make up essential molecules like Vitamin K. For the most part, E. Coli poses no threat although there are few disease causing strains that can cause mild to severe food poisoning by finding its way into food supply (Timmons, Trzepacz, Duboinis-Gray). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, or EPEC, is a strain of diseasing causing E. Coli that is the leading cause of death in children with diarrhea in many parts of the world. EPEC colonizes in the intestine allowing the host to be invaded which can spread from person to person (Pearson, Wong fok Lung, Hartland, Giogha). Another strain of disease causing E. Coli also causes diarrhea in children is the DEC

Escherichia Coli is a rod-shaped bacterium that measures approximately 0.5 μm in width by 2 μm in length. It is a Gram-negative bacterium. Its cells stain gram negative because they have a thin cell wall with only one to two layers of peptidoglycan. They live in environments with higher temperatures rather than cooler temperatures. E. coli is said to be the “model organism”. Many microbiologists use these bacteria as a resource for understanding other prokaryotic life and are the most carefully studied life form on the planet. It was discovered by German-Austrian pediatrician Theodor Escherich in 1885.

Of course, prokaryotic reproduction is limited because cells eventually exhaust their nutrient supply, accumulate metabolic wastes, or are consumed by other organisms. Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than those of prokaryotes. They have a variety of internal membranes and structures, called organelles, and a cytoskeleton composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, which play an important role in defining the cell's organization and shape. Eukaryotic DNA is divided into several linear bundles called chromosomes, which are separated by a microtubular spindle during nuclear division. Nuclear division is often coordinated with cell division. This generally takes place by mitosis, a process that allows each daughter nucleus to receive one copy of each chromosome. In most eukaryotes, there is also a process of sexual reproduction, typically involving an alternation between haploid generations, wherein only one copy of each chromosome is present, and diploid generations, wherein two are present, occurring through nuclear fusion (syngamy) and meiosis. Eukaryotes have a smaller surface area to volume ratio than prokaryotes, and thus have lower metabolic rates and longer generation times.

Aim – To test the effectiveness of various anti-microbial substances on the growth of a bacteria called Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli.

Many people think of Escherichia coli as only a severe intestinal illness caused by eating uncooked, contaminated water, or unwashed fruits, but it is much more than only a negative (Amenu et al., 2014). The quick regeneration time of Escherichia coli makes it extremely useful in laboratory studies. In terms of research, a useful aspect of Escherichia coli is the extensive amount of information we have on them (Archer et al., 2011). Scientists have used Escherichia coli to host proteins, and it has been excellent resource for evolution studies as the bacteria has adapted frequently over the years (Archer et al., 2011). The non- pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are frequently used in medical investigations involving diseases that are difficult to work with. Examples of these diseases include cancer or anthrax poisoning (Das et al., 2013).

Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative rod that was tested on ten different biochemical testing procedures. The Escherichia coli culture on the MacConkey agar had growth and experienced fermenting of lactose (color change to yellow). This is an expected result because this agar only grows Gram-negative bacteria so it is a selective media. The bile salts and crystal violet are the agents that make the agar select against Gram- positive species. The pink tint is probably from the precipitation of bile salts. The Bacillus subtillis is a Gram-positive bacterium so it was not supposed to show growth or fermentation, but it showed growth without a color change (no lactose fermentation). This was due to the over streaking of maybe Escherichia coli or Enterococcus durans, which are Gram-negative species. Staphylococcus epidermis had a growth along with a yellow to orange color change. Media too was clear.

Title​: Studies of Large RNAP­NusG­70S Transcription­Translation Linking Complex  Author​: Dominique Gutierrez, Cristina Gutierrez­Vargas, and Dr. Joachim Frank      Abstract    Escherichia coli (E.coli)​ is an ideal model organism. Many mechanisms found in                        E.coli are resembled in other species. S10, a protein on the 30S subunit of the                               ribosome, is highly conserved and found in pathogens, including Pseudomonas                     aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. S10 has been                   shown to interact with NusG, a transcription elongation factor, linking the translational                         machinery to that of transcription. The coupling