Essay On 2. 3 Cross Linking By Two Photon Polymerization

The field of bioprinting, using 3D printing technology for producing live cells with extreme accuracy, could be the answer to many of the problems we as humans face in the medical field. It could be the end to organ waiting lists and an alternative for organ transplants. In 3D printing technology lies the potential to replace the testing of new drugs on animals. However, the idea of applying 3 dimensional printing to the health industry is still quite new and yet to have a major impact. Manufacturing working 3D organs remains an enormous challenge, but in theory could solve major issues present today.

First, 3D printing is very beneficial to the medical field. 3D printing in medicine can be used in order to create exact replicas of certain organs so that they can study it without risking the patient’s life. ("3D Printing in the Medicine: Saving Time and Saving Lives | ABAAD." ABAAD. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2014.) 3D printers use materials such as bio-ink, which comprises stem cells and other types of cells from a patient, which can be laid down layer by layer to form a tissue. Human organs such as blood vessels, bladders and kidney portions have been replicated using this technology. 3D printers also use materials such as bone material, skin

Stereolithography is a process where a model is built using an injection head to heat and squeeze out material, similar to a hot glue gun (Doherty 356).

3D printing is changing the world we live in today. Business Insider calls 3D printing “The Next Industrial Revolution” (Rega). Imagine having the capability of producing any product you want at your fingertips within minutes; it is now possible because of 3D printing. Simply put, 3D printing is the process of creating real objects by “printing” chosen substances layer by layer until the desired product is made, therefore 3D printing is sometimes referred to as additive manufacturing. There are endless possibilities with 3D printing from the medical field, to manufacturing, automobiles, to airplanes, and also personal use. 3D printed objects are going to be an integrated part of everyday life.

With the very limited supply of organs, 3D printing creates functioning organs without a donation from a living organism. The definition of 3D printing from Charles W. Hull, the inventor of 3D systems, states that “...thin layers of a material that can be cured with ultraviolet light were sequentially printed in layers to form a solid 3D structure” (Murphy & Atala 773). The sheer narrow sheets play a vital role in bioprinting. They allow the printers to develop functional, layering individual cells, proteins, and an extracellular matrix. The three basic types of 3D printing include biomimicry, independent self- assembly, and miniature tissue blocks. The creation of the 3D structure creates all the difference between these types of printing. Three dimensional structure approaches include, creating exact duplicates of the cells and tissues with extensive knowledge, using a developing embryo as a template or using microscopic tissues to assemble into a larger developed tissue (Kalaskar). In other words, all these paths to bioprinting end up with a 3D structure but require different knowledge and materials. They all contain their own sets of challenges.

Chuck Hull invented the very first 3D Printer which is also known as ‘Additive Manufacturing’ for commercial rapid prototyping in 1983, founded 3D systems in Valencia California. The popularity of 3D printing has risen recently due to an increase in availability which made it possible to have versatile machines in today's technology. His work got recognised only three years ago where he became the winner of the European inventor award 2014 in the category of Non-European countries. From here we acknowledge that his discovery became appreciated fairly recently. Moreover, it is applied a lot in the medicinal industry such as synthetic skin, cranium

The use of 3D Printing dates back to 1980’s when Charles Hull developed stereolithography (3D Printing). Hull received a BS in engineering and physics from the University of Colorado in 1961. He was successful in integrating the computer for developing parts based on digital information. 3D printing is a printing process that allows digital data to create 3D objects. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process, laying down successive layers of material until the entire object is created creates an object. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual object (“What Is 3D Printing?). NASA launched a

The technologies are being developed quickly and change the world 's vision. 3D printing is the innovation that will make the further breakthrough and turn the world upside down. One can print everything, starting from the plastic figures finishing with the tools, clothes, bicycles, weapon, and human body organs using the stem cells. Moreover, there are the printers that are capable of replicating itself. Three-dimensional printing transforms the computer model of the object into a really-existing one applying many thin layers that are programmed on the computer.

Within the past decade, innovation in the field of 3D laser-based printing is revolutionizing the efficiency the world operates at. Primary process such as selective laser sintering (SLS) and selective laser melting (SLM) will be proven to illustrate the impact they are having on world industry. Applications of 3D Laser-based printing allows the completion of complex geometries to assist in aerospace, biomedical and much more. Laser-based printing dates back to the late 1980’s with the first commercially produced 3D printer (SLA-1, 3D systems), although methods of constructing parts using additive approaches dates back over 100 years (Bourell, 2016). The first use of a 3D printer was in 1990 by Bourell who created a metal part by the laser

The world is currently in an information age whereby traditional technologies are being replaced with a knowledge-based, digital alternative. This progression invites vastly expanding quaternary industries and with it highly developed machinery. One such emergence is three-dimensional printing; an idea first developed by Charles Hull in 1986. This technique encompasses the successive printing of a selected material so as to form a 3D construct of an initially digital file1. This technology has seen vast usage in art and commerce since its establishment three decades but has only recently received attention from the biotechnology industry. As of 2010 the potential of 3D printing in areas of tissue engineering and body part creation has been

3D printing is a recent technology that is springing up all over the world, and is being used to create innovative and exciting things. A 3D printer works by first using a “blueprint” created by a user on a computer in certain programs. This object can be almost any geometric shape possible. The printer will then take the blueprint and synthesize the object slowly over time. These objects are created by the printer placing each layer over layer of the object on a 3-dimensional grid until it is fully replicated. Shown right is a 3D printer purchasable for $2500, a high end consumer-level printer. This printer is only capable of producing static, but complex objects designed by the user. The materials that the 3D printers utilize depends on the type of the printer. There are certain printers that are consumer grade, similar to above, and can only print small, “knick-knack” like objects. These printers print with different types of plastics. Industrial grade printers also exist, which can utilize anything from plastic, polymers, and even metal alloys. In the medical field, however, living cells can be used as a building material in specialized printers. Scientists from the University of Edinburgh have developed a cell-printer that can print using living embryonic stem cells. This technology is one of the first stepping stones that can be used for testing new drugs, growing organs, and printing cells directly inside the body (LiveScience). These embryonic stem cells are obtained

Tissue engineering is an extremely hot topic right now within the biotechnology field. Skin is an organ that is very important to health because of all the vital organs that it protects. In recent years there has not been an efficient way to grow skin to protect extensive injuries that skin can incur. There are a few diseases that greatly affect the skin and there are many circumstances in which the skin can be harmed. This is why the biotechnology field has become so interested in tissue engineering: to protect one of the most important organ that humans have. The army has made some major developments toward creating a future where skin will be available to those who need it through 3D

This type of technology has countless applications for personalized patient care and the study of the human body and could greatly assist hospitals and academic researchers. In addition to 3-D printing’s applications in medicine, our 3-D printing technology can also “Produce organic, complex geometries that can 't be manufactured any other way. For parts that will be 3D printed, like jigs, fixtures and custom components, you can set aside the usual design-for-manufacturing constraints” and greatly reduce costs for the pharmaceutical industry in the manufacturing of their products (Stratasys II 1). Initially we plan on selling two models of printers to service each of these two types of customers. For the hospitals/clinics and academic researchers, we plan on marketing our Connex3 printer. We have chosen to market this particular model due to its ability to “Simulate everything from soft tissue and muscles to cartilage and bone in a single print job. It can even incorporate clear materials to get an unobstructed view of hidden tissues and blood vessels” (Stratasys II 1). For our customers in the pharmaceutical industry, we are choosing to market our Eden 250 3-D printer due to its aforementioned ability to construct complex geometries for

In order for this theory to succeed, the cells were confined within protective nanolitre droplets wrapped in a lipid coating that could be constructed, in a layer-by-layer manner, into living structures. Using this process, manufacturing printed tissues in this way can increase the survival rate of the individual cells, enabling the team to ameliorate modern strategies through assembling each tissue one drop at a time to a more advantageous resolution. In order to be utilized properly, it is requisite for the artificial tissues to possess the ability to imitate the functions and behaviors of the human body. The method allows the production of patterned cellular constructs, which, once completely developed, copy or possibly enhance natural tissues. Dr Alexander Graham, lead author and 3D Bioprinting Scientist at OxSyBio proclaimed, “We were aiming to fabricate three-dimensional living tissues that could display the basic behaviours and physiology found in natural organisms. To date, there are limited examples of printed tissues, which have the complex cellular architecture of native tissues. Hence, we focused on designing a high-resolution cell printing platform, from relatively inexpensive components, that could be used to reproducibly produce artificial tissues with appropriate complexity from a range of cells including stem cells.” The researchers hope and strongly believe that, with further development, the materials could have an immense impact on

After decades of development, stereolithography now can be described as an Additive Manufacturing process that hardening or curing photopolymer resin layer by layer into actual objects. The light source, usually using ultraviolet light, provides essential energy for stimulating and maintaining photo-polymerization reaction in which smaller molecules bond and form cross-linking polymer molecular chains. The energy source of photo-polymerization reaction can be a laser beam or mask projection patterns. The laser beam moving trajectories or mask projection