Essay On Achromotopsia

Introduction: The gene that codes for red-green color blindness, the most common form of color blindness in humans, is found on the X chromosome. One in 12 males is color blind. In females, however, color blindness affects only about 1 in 200. Why is

Having three color receptors makes it challenging to find smaller details or objects in a multicolored world. For example, during the experiments, the Trichromatic monkeys has a hard time deciphering which swatch had the circle shape because the circle was on a multicolored background. Again, inheriting three color receptors instead of one can make it challenging to clearly see details and objects in a multicolored world (Evo-Ed: Integrative Cases in Evolution Education. (n.d.).

Lead Geneticist Bryan Jennings of Boston Medical Center says that ‘the possibilities could be endless, with proper research. For now, we’re starting small. Instead of hearts or blood or digestive organs, we are testing eyes.’ Mantis shrimps are creatures found in warm, shallow water. The shrimp’s most valuable quality for genetic purposes are the sixteen color-receptive cones in it’s eyes. Essentially, the color spectrum visible to humans is developed by just three color-receptive cones over the retina. That means billions of colors humans miss that mantis shrimp can see. The new process involves surgery that extracts all of the cones in humans, and replaces them with all of the mantis shrimp

The visual search results were based on mean search times. Outliers and incorrect responses from the averages were excluded to maintain the consistency of the results. Building on previous research, overall participants demonstrated a search advantage for Black faces. This Black-target advantage was larger for Black than for White participants. The results of the biracial participants most affected their original hypothesis (it was what was developed by the authors on top of previously existing data). Black-primed biracials and White-primed biracials different significantly in the magnitude of their search advantage for Black over White targets, and the

Achondroplasia (ACH) is the most common form of short-limb dwarfism occuring in 1 in 15,000 to 28,000 births and appears to be slightly more prevalent in females, but indiscriminent toward race (1-3). Evidence has been found in Egypt for cases of ACH dating back as far as 4500 B.C. (4). In simplest terms, ACH is a disease where the dwarfing of bones formed in the cartilage occurs (5). There are many features that accompany this disease including rhizomelic (proximal) shortening of the extremities, megalencephaly (enlarged brain), short stature, trident hand, and frontal bossing (prominent forehead) (1, 3, 4, 6-8). Expression of this gene at high levels is primarily found in cells of the nervous system and the cartilage rudiments and

Males of this species have been known to display a variety of colours and patterns in order to attract mates. However the extravagance of their colours can be determined on the selection pressures of their environment.

One of the prevailing theories about why primates have such good color vision is that it allowed them to pick out fruits against the green backgrounds of forests and jungles (Osorio et al., 2004). New World monkey color vision is an evolutionary puzzle because the same evolutionary pressures for finding food should act similarly on both sexes.

Organisms possess several types of color vision depending on what wavelengths they are sensitive to. Humans are trichromatic, because their vision is formed by long, middle and short wavelength sensitive cones (Carroll, et.al, 2009). Depending on the environment, primates will have different variations of color vision. (Melin, et.al, 2017). Routine trichromacy and polymorphic trichromacy both track different food sources. Routine trichromacy is helpful for tracking down reddish-yellow fruit and seasonal leaves while polymorphic trichromacy is helpful for tracking down ripe fruits and insects (Melin, et.al, 2017).

The evolutionary changes in the Euprimate skulls allowed them to rely more on vision than on small because, most mammals including pottos and certain other primates, are colorblind, they can't distinguish the color red. Therefore, the color may have evolved in primates because it helped them to pick out ripe red or orange against the green forest background. However, color vision may also help some leaf eating monkey species to pick out the most nutritions green leaves. 2. A lower primate (such as lemur) grasps objects as compared to a higher primates (such as a monkey), the grasping hands of primates are an adaptation to life in the trees.

One of the most variable aspects of the eyes in primates is the sclera. The sclera in primates comes in multiple different pigments and SSI as seen in figure 2. In research on human eyes, evidence concludes that through the sclera, health, age and emotion can be detected; redden or yellow sclera detects decreased health, increased age, and even emotions of sadness or irritation, whereas bright white sclera represents increased overall health [4]. The true purpose for the evolution of the sclera is not completely clear, but many implications can be made to help researchers better understand the complex evolution of the eye. One of the major topics for research on the eye is the discovery that the purpose of the white sclera is to amplify gaze direction whereas the darker colored sclera is to do the opposite; hide gaze direction from predators [5]. Not only can the sclera help detect emotion and gaze but is a major factor in the evolution of communication between primates.

I was born on June 24, 2001; I have a type of dwarfism called achondroplasia or ACH. Despite having average sized parents, I am the only relative in my immediate family with achondroplasia. It can be tough at times to keep up with average sized people and do the same tasks as them on a daily basis. For a long period of time I felt depressed and unsure of why I had ACH unlike my siblings. No one ever treated me different, but it was promenade that I was different since I was a child. As I grew older I began to understand Achondroplasia better and have found ways to cope with my dwarfism so I can live a happy and fulfilled life.

Melanin has played a significant role in human evolution. In this paper I will discuss the importance of melanin in its role in the human biological system and how it relates to the natural selection of suitable human life according to geography and environment.

The multi-colored and in depth vision that most humans and multiple organisms share today stem from a vast history of prior organisms being only able to capture light through their eye lenses in order to see at most only four to five colors including black and white. While it is true that most organisms today and prior have shared the same common tissues and functions that manufacture the anatomical structure of the eye, throughout the years and the environmental changes, the eye has adapted or mutated with it. The eye is made of opsin that is essential in the eye in order for the image and light extracted to be transferred to the brain to create an image; “Essentially, an opsin is a kind of molecule that conveys information from the outside of a cell to the inside” (Shubin

Achondroplasia is the most common diagnosis and most frequent form of those who are considered to be dwarfs (“Learning About”, 2016). When one thinks of dwarfism, they think of a short stature with short arms, legs, and a large head. It occurs in one in every 15,000 to one in 40,000 live births (“Learning About”, 2016). According to BBC News (2005), researchers found that the earliest biological evidence of dwarfs dates back to a Predynastic Period called the "Badarian Period" (4500 BC) in addition to several skeletons from the Old Kingdom (2700 - 2190 BC). There has been evidence of dwarfism in ancient Egyptian times. Dwarfs were held in high regard in ancient Egypt even having two dwarf gods that they worshiped named Ptah and Bes

One study found our reaction to red as a deterrent may have evolutionary roots. Neuroscientist Jerald D. Kralik and his team at Dartmouth College studied male rhesus macaques – a species of monkeys known to be sensitive to certain colors – a few years ago and observed they stayed away from red-clad experimenters most of the time when offered food. (PsycholgicalScience.org). Kralik said this is because monkeys, like people, are very visual and social learners, and the color red helps serve as a