Essay On Anticoagulation During Pregnancy

Most women are unaware of the risks associated with taking prescription medications while pregnant. Usually the fear

Medical and technological advances in maternal and neonatal care have significantly reduced maternal and infant mortality and medical interventions have become commonplace and arguably routine. Used appropriately, they can be lifesaving procedures. Routine use, without valid indication though, can transform childbirth from a natural physiologic process and family event into a medical or surgical procedure. Every intervention presents the possibility of unwanted effects and subsequent risks that can potentiate more interventions with their own inherent risks (McKinney, 2014).

There are many different medications that can be administered in hopes to help expectant mothers. In addition to that, a prophylactic transfusion can take place to help increase hemoglobin levels. It is important that both the mother and child are observed throughout the pregnancy for the simple fact that many of these pregnancies result in a caseation delivery (James 2014). In some cases, the use of propranolol and LMWH are used in SCD mothers in hopes to decrease the intensity of SCD effects such as pain and organ problems in both parent and child ( Yawn 2014). Opioid is also used as pain medication in SCD women (Yawn

In the last 20 years the hopes of survival for neonates have seen significant increase, almost all of the causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity have decreased. There is only one threat unmoved, still standing above the rest- Preterm birth. Prematurity or preterm birth is defined as the birth of any child between 20-37 weeks of gestation. Delivery prior to 20 weeks of gestation is considered a Natural abortion.1 The survival rate of low birth weight infants has significantly increased from 15-80% in the last 20 years. However, the incidence of prematurity has not seen any change, neither decrease nor increase. Currently the average incidence is 10-11%.1

As woman age, they will find that pregnancy can be extra hard on the body, causing health issues such as high blood pressure, with some woman developing preeclampsia. Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-induced hypertension disorder which affects both mother and fetus poses the real possibility of impacting renal function along with the development of HELLP syndrome. When a woman develops this HELLP syndrome they are a risk of hemolysis; the breakdown of red blood cells, elevated liver enzymes, and low plate count putting her a greater risk of complications that cause death (Preeclampsia Foundation, pg1). The only known way to cure this disorder is to deliver the baby and placenta, even if the baby is premature because not only can this kill the mother, but it has repercussions for the fetus as well. When it comes to the fetus, preeclampsia causes an inadequate nutrition supply because of the insufficiency of the placenta to regulate how the fetus gets its nutrients, which can lead to growth retardation and further heath compilations later in life (Lapidus MD,

Postpartum hemorrhage kills more new mothers than any other cause—an estimated 71,800 annually ("Driving progress toward 2015").

An electronic review of literature was conducted through PubMed, Clinicalkey, and MEDLINE OVID databases. Key words and phrases searched included ‘fast track’, ‘cardiac surgery’, ‘length of stay’, ‘intensive care unit’, and ‘protocols’. The evidence in the articles were evaluated and examined in the attached table. The evidence was also categorized for quality using the Grade model rating from A to D.

One of the diagnosis included hypertension also known as high blood pressure. If not treated over time hypertension can cause heart disease and stroke. In order, to lower blood pressure a person can consume a healthy diet with less salt, exercise daily and take their medication. Usually, if a person’s blood pressure is above 140/90 mmHg they are considered to have high blood pressure. My patient takes Lisinopril, it decreases blood pressure in hypertension, decrease preload, and afterload in cognitive heart failure. The only use for this is when a person has mild to moderate hypertension. Precautions for those who should not take this if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have renal disease. An adult can take this by mouth 10-40 mg/day and may be increased to 80

These guidelines emphasized unique risk factors for women, including pregnancy-related complications, which, even after being resolved after the pregnancy, follow women as an increased risk factor later in life. These guidelines support a risk classification algorithm that stratifies women into three groups: ideal cardiovascular health, at risk and high risk. In addition to adding pregnancy-related risk factors, these guidelines recognized the role of

It is very important that when trasporting the patient with HELLP syndrome, that care is taken not to traumatize the liver with palpations to the abdomen. Cesarean births are sometimes needed to avoid prolonged labor that is liable to cause maternal morbidity. Continued assessments of hypoxia and hemorrhage are extremely important. According to the American Pregnancy Association (2016), the most serious commplications and risks of HELLP syndrome are: “placental abruption, pulmonary edema ( fluid buildup in the lungs), diseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC—blood clotting problems that result in hemorrhage),adult respiratory distress syndrome (lung failure), ruptured liver hematoma, acute renal failure, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), infant respiratory distress syndrome (lung failure), and blood transfusion” (para 15). After the delivery of the baby, most women will recover within three days.

This paper discusses the excessive blood loss that occasionally occurs in women following labor, also referred to as postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Postpartum hemorrhage is an emergent and life-threatening situation that can occur from several different issues. If not treated appropriately postpartum hemorrhaging can lead to hypovolemic shock and possibly maternal demise. This paper will cover the pathophysiology behind the occurrence of postpartum hemorrhage, as well as the clinical manifestations and laboratory findings it presents with. As postpartum hemorrhage also has an impact on the infant and family of the patient experiencing PPH, implications for the family members and infant will be examined. Lastly, treatments for postpartum hemorrhage will be mentioned throughout the paper. The treatments will be correlated with the discussion of the different causes of PPH, as treatment is sometimes dependent on the underlying cause of the hemorrhage.

Changes in medicine have not improved child birth. People might say that “physicians [are] most qualified to attend births.”(Leggitt) or that “formula [can] supplement the meager amount of milk”(Behrmann) a woman could produce. However the effects of pain medication, and the lives that could be saved tell a different story.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significantly life-threatening complication that can occur after both vaginal and caesarean births (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Simpson and Creehan (2008) define PPH as the amount of blood loss after vaginal birth, usually more than 500mL, or after a caesarean birth, normally more than 1000mL. However, the definition is arbitrary, attributed to the fact that loss of blood during birth is intuitive and widely inaccurate (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). In line with this, studies have suggested that health care providers consistently underestimate actual blood loss, thus, an objective definition of PPH would be any amount of bleeding that exposes a mother in hemodynamic jeopardy (Ricci &

Prenatal care is widely accepted as an important element in improving pregnancy outcome. (Gorrie, McKinney, Murray, 1998). Prenatal care is defined as care of a pregnant woman during the time in the maternity cycle that begins with conception and ends with the onset of labor. A medical, surgical, gynecologic, obstretic, social and family history is taken (Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, 1998). It is important for a pregnant woman as well as our society to know that everything that you do has an effect on your baby. Because so many women opt not to receive the benefits of prenatal care, our society sees the ramification, which include a variety of complications primarily

This woman was invited to the maternity assessment unit due to spontaneous rupture of membranes. This is her first birth in this country as her other 3 children were born in India- All normal vaginal deliveries. Although, her antenatal period had been low risk, she had not had a recent enough full blood count (FBC) taken, which would put her at risk of having a low Hb level and due to her parity – she could also be at risk of a postpartum hemorrhage (Royal college of obstetricians & gynaecologists, 2009). Therefore, the decision was made to put her on delivery suite rather than in the low risk birth centre.