Essay On Cervical Carcinoma

Cervical cancer is when there are malignant cells present in the cervix; it is developed in the lining of the cervix. A cervix is a narrow opening located at the bottom of the uterus that leads into the vagina. Cervical cancer mostly affects women between the ages of 40 and 55. This cancer can be prevented by screening for precancerous cells, and it can also be cured if it is detected at an early stage. Over the past few decades the number of cervical cancer cases has declined dramatically due to a more widespread screening of the disease. Today, it is estimated that 10,000 new

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a double stranded DNA virus. There are many genotypes HPV and some of them are oncogenic. They have envelope proteins E6 and E7 on their cell wall which are associated to initiate cancer. Anogenital lesions associated to HPV are divided into ‘low-risk’ types (6, 11, 34, 40, 42, and 43) and ‘high risk’ types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 69, 73, and 82). Most of the low risk HPV infections are asymptomatic and are not fatal, however infection to high risk HPV such as type 16 and 18 may cause cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar and penile cancer (Centre of Disease Control, 2012). Low risk HPV generally cause warts on the skin surface which rarely develop into malignancy. Type 16 and 18 both were originally isolated from cervical carcinomas of human body. More than 70% of human cervical is due to the infection of either HPV 16 or 18. According to CDC, in 2008 it was estimated 11,070 cases of cervical cancer in United States and about 3,870 deaths due to cervical cancer. Higher percentage of HPV persistent infection occurs by HPV-16 and the risk of getting cervical cancer due the progression of disease is higher for HPV 16 and 18 and 45 (Tino F. Schwarz, 2008).

The BRCA genes are tumor suppressor genes that inhibit tumor growth when functioning normally. When they mutate, they lose their tumor suppressor ability. This results in an increase for women to develop ovarian cancer. Risk factors a 1st degree family member, women who have never been pregnant, increasing age, high fat diet, increased number of ovulatory cycles, and infertility drugs. 90% of ovarian cancer are epithelial carcinomas that arise from malignant transformation of the surface epithelial cells. Germ cell tumors account for

HPV or human papillomavirus is what mostly causes cervical cancer. Its also caused by severe abnormal changes in the cells cervix. There is a transformation zone where precancerous and cancerous cell changes occur in the cervix. This happens because these cells undergo constant change. During this change some cervical cells become abnormal if you happen to be infected with high-risk types of HPV. Some other things that can also lead to cervical cancer would be if you have more than one sex partner or smoking cigarettes.

There are 4 stages from the initial HPV infection through the development of cervical carcinoma; HPV infection with high risk HPV ,viral persistence infection more than 10 years, progression of a clone of persistently infected cells towards precancerous lesions, and invasion leading to malignancy .HPV genomic amplification always happen close to the epithelia differentiation programme and often induce hyperplasia of the epithelial cell, which manifest clinically as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1(CIN1)(Kukimoto, 2015). CIN2(moderate dysplasia) and CIN3(sever dysplasia) are the middle and the late stages respectively referring to the lesion happened in the lower two third and more than two third of the epithelium which are the

Evidently, in the 1990s the relationship between HPV and cervical neoplasia was confirmed.[7] According to Bosch et al., the 1990s produced the key results of case-control and cohort studies, and witnessed an increasing number of results on the clinical uses of HPV-DNA testing in screening and triage, [24] and, as Liaw et al. (1995) noted in their case control studies, it was also becoming apparent that those with multiple HPV infections have a higher risk of developing cancer of the cervix. [26]

Among the 12, 200 new cases of cervical cancer ninety-percent of them are caused or attributed to HPV (ACS).

The causes of Cervical cancer are HPV viruses. This is a collection of viruses that affect the skin and the moist membranes lining the body, which in this case

HPV-associated anal and oral cancers are increasing. The reason is still unclear although sexual behavior changes in the general population are postulated as one of the factors. The incidence is drastically higher in specific risk groups, such as men who have sex with men, and HIV-1 infected individuals. Interestingly, anal cancer is predominant in women while a higher incidence of oral cancer is found in men. This review gives a brief summary of epidemic, risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of these two HPV-associated cancers.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the leading cause of cervical cancer remains Human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus that passes from one person to another during sex.” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015) . Although HPV is a common Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), physicians suggest that all women over the age of 21 be tested for cervical cancer

Human cervical cancer is one of the most popular cancers in women of reproductive age around the globe (Baken et al., 1995). The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer. The main factors responsible for the cervical cancers are viral infection, inordinate sexual behavior, multiple sexual partners, weak immune system, and smoking

Ovaries are a pair of female sex organs that store and release eggs in the process of the reproductive system. Ovarian cancer is located in the ovaries where uncontrollable multiplication of cancer cells occur (Garnick, 2014). Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death in women in the United States (Su, 2013). There are over 200,000 new cases each year worldwide and it is common in women over the age of 60 (Brain, 2014). The high mortality rate of ovarian cancer is caused by the lack of a screening techniques to detect it early on (Visintin et al, 2008). Epithelial ovarian cancer, borderline ovarian tumors, germ cell ovarian cancer, and stromal ovarian cancer are four types of ovarian cancer. There are various stages to ovarian

Ovarian cancer is heterogeneous and is broadly categorised into two types: type I which consists of low-grade tumours and type II which are more aggressive, advanced, high-grade tumours. This cancer is usually precisely classified according to the histological source of the tumour. These tumours develop from three different types of tissues in the ovary. The most common and the most life-threatening ovarian cancers are carcinomas which refer to the cancerous epithelial cells arising from the germinal epithelium of the ovary. Ovarian carcinomas are primarily prevalent in postmenopausal women and women over the age of 50 years (3-4) and account

Although there are several known risk factors for getting cervical cancer, no one knows exactly why one woman gets it and another doesn't. One of the most important risk factors for cervical cancer is infection with a virus called HPV (human papillomavirus). HPV is a sexually transmitted disease that is incredibly common in the population, one study showed that 43% of college age women were infected in a 3-year period. HPV is the virus that causes genital warts, but having genital warts doesn't necessarily mean you are going to get cervical cancer. There are different subtypes, or strains, of HPV. Only certain subtypes are likely to cause cervical cancer, and the subtypes that cause warts are unlikely to cause a cancer. Often, infection with HPV causes no symptoms at all, until a woman develops a pre-cancerous lesion mostly of the cervix. Because infection with a STD is a risk factor for cervical cancer, any risk factors for developing STD are also risk factors for developing cervical cancer. Women who have had many or several male sexual partners, having sexual intercourse at an early age, or have had male sexual partners who are considered high risk (meaning that they have had several sexual partners and/or began having sexual intercourse at an early age) are at higher risks for developing Cervical

Lee, S. H., Vigliotti, J. S., Vigliotti, V. S., Jones, W. (2014). From human papillomavirus (hpv) detection to cervical cancer prevention in clinical practice. Cancers, 6, 2072-2099. doi:10.3390/cancers6042072