Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [copd]
It means a group of lung diseases which plug airflow when a person exhales. This makes breathing process increasingly difficult. COPD includes Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthmatic bronchitis . Each of these cases causes ill health and death worldwide.[1]
COPD is not a new condition. Previously, physicians used different expressions to describe what we now describe as COPD. Swiss physician Bonet (1679) referred to ‘voluminous lungs’ , Italian anatomist Giovanni Morgagni (1769) reported 19 cases of ‘turgid’ lungs and British physician Charles Badham (1814) identified bronchiolitis and chronic bronchitis as disabling health conditions.[2]
Signs and symptoms
The three cardinal symptoms of COPD are:[3]
1- sputum production
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The inhaled irritants cause accumulation of inflammatory cells such as (neutrophils, B cells, CD8+ T-lymphocytes and macrophages). When these cells activated , they initiate an inflammatory cascade that lead to release of inflammatory mediators such as[ tumour necrosis factor alpha , C-reactive protein , interferon gamma , MMP-9, interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) and fibrinogen]. The inflammatory mediators enhance the inflammatory process , cause tissue damage and systemic effects. The chronic inflammation leads to structural changes in the lung which lead to restriction of the airflow.[13]
The Structural changes; remodeling of the airway in COPD is the result of the inflammatory response in compination with COPD and cause airways narrowing. Factors contribute to this:
-peri bronchial fibrosis
-build-up of scar
COPD- preventable and treatable disease state characterized by chronic airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases, primarily caused by cigarette smoking.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a recurring illness of the respiratory system that makes it difficult to breathe by restricting the flow of air in and out of the lungs. COPD includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung conditions.
COPD- Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease is characterized by airway obstruction, which worsening with expiration. COPD is a progressive disease, and typically gets worse over time; it is an umbrella term to describe a group of diseases such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis and asthma.
COPD is an irreversible progressive lung disease that makes it harder for people to breath. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (2015), COPD is the third leading cause of death in the United States.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases also known as lung cancer is a condition of slow irreversible progressive airway obstruction which gets worse over time. This includes several obstructive diseases of the lungs, including chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis and pneumoconiosis. The outcome varies with the consequences with COPD. Approximately 12 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with COPD. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), COPD is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States.
COPD which stands for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, is a group of diseases that cause block of airflow, which leads to difficulty in breathing, and these diseases involve chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstructive airways disease.
COPD is a disease that depletes a person of air. This disease is the fourth top cause of death in the United States. COPD describes several lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, refractory asthma, and other forms of bronchiectasis. There is no average case, as every case is different from the next. This disease is long term but treatable.
Have you ever known a person who smokes and has a hard time doing every day activities, due to difficulty of breath, or constantly coughing. He or she may have Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD. COPD is a progressive and treatable lung disease that causes shortness of breath due to obstruction of air way (COPD, 2013). Progressive means that is gradually gets worse over time. It is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema (Causes,2014). Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchioles, which causes mucus build up (Davis,2016). Emphysema is when the air sacs get enlarged (Smoking, 2016). Since the disease does not have a cure yet it is important to know pathology (path of disease), epidemiology (who is effected in a population), ethology (who is effected genetically), manifestation (symptoms), treatment, and outcome.
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the airways and tissues of the lungs gradually become damaged over time, causing
Propaganda: a tool used to shape citizen thinking for the use of governmental goals in occasions worldwide. Many countries use propaganda for the support of its citizens in certain purposes. During Word War II, the United States needed the support of the American citizens for the purchasing of war bonds, acquiring the volunteer work of women, and also the conservation of the country’s natural resources. Therefore, the main purpose of propaganda is to persuade citizens of that country to support the decisions of the government.
COPD is the continued tightening of the airways, causing a blockage to the airflow to the lungs, which causes shortness of breath. It chiefly comprises of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Both are typically caused by smoking, or less frequently, by work-related exposure to dusts or
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic asthma are the main three conditions that make up COPD. Emphysema causes
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis. You can have either pulmonary emphysema or chronic bronchitis, or you can have both. Pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis are both chronic lung diseases that damage the airways. COPD develops slowly taking at least twenty years to start showing symptoms and is typical in people who have been long term smokers. COPD is also known as the “silent disease” because of the symptoms progressing so slowing and because it gets worse over time.
Enlightenment is the understanding of social life and the basics of human nature through our own logic. Humans have the ability to educate themselves and make progress in their own life decisions. Hence the change of human knowledge, such as the ability to make an understanding of reason and logic. For instance, when having faith in solving society’s problems and to encourage change to better the publics eye. Enlightenment, is to inform and convince others of one’s ideas. For an example, religion is something to inform people to and to “enlighten” them to understand and believe or even convince of the idea of religion.
Experimentation on Human Subjects During the late 1980’s, two French researchers traveled to a remote African community containing both a noninfected and infected HIV population. Because they wanted to determine whether their AIDS vaccine was working quickly, they took this opportunity to test on the children in the community, even though the children were a protected and vulnerable population. The research they conducted was not publicized due to the fact that such research is not permitted in their home country of France and many other countries including the United States and England. The researchers did not succeed in discovering an AIDS vaccine during this research; however, if they had succeeded, should we have used their findings?