Essay On Classification Of Avian Avulavirus Serotype-1

evolution characteristics allowed it to cross barrier species and therefore spread to mammals and domestic poultry1. It has caused several pandemic outbreaks in the human population during the last century, being the 1918 (The Spanish Flu) the most devastating one. In veterinary, mostly in poultry, it causes great economic losses. Any available prophylactic or therapeutic tool has been demonstrated ineffective due to the peculiar escaping characteristics of the virus. The general characteristics of IAV and its evolution are briefly reviewed here.

The most widely quoted date for the beginning of recorded history of avian influenza (initially known as fowl plague) was in 1878 when it was differentiated from other diseases that caused high mortality rates in birds. Fowl plague, however, also included Newcastle disease until as recently as the 1950s. Between 1959 and 1995, there were 15 recorded occasions of the emergence of HPAI viruses in poultry, but losses were minimal. Between 1996 and 2008 however, HPAI outbreaks in poultry have occurred at least 11 times and 4 of these outbreaks have involved millions of birds (Alexander and brown, 2009). In the 1990s, the world’s poultry population grew 76% in developing countries and 23% in developed countries, contributing to the increased prevalence

Influenza A viruses are responsible for pandemic as well as seasonal epidemics, and causing infections in both humans and animals, such as pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds. Furthermore, Influenza A virus is subdivided into two groups based on their membrane-bound surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H1 – H17) and the neuraminidase (N1 – N10): group 1 (H1, H2, H5, H6, H8, H9, H11, H12, H13, H16, and H17) and group 2 (H3, H4, H7, H10, h14, and H15). In history, zoonotic transmission of avian influenza A viruses from birds to humans infected by subtypes, such as H5N1 (10, 10), H7N9 (10), H9N2 (10), H6N1 (10), H7N3 (10, 10), and H10N8 (10). To date, HA subtype H1, H2 and H3 and NA subtype N1 and N2 are Influenza B viruses are classified as two types, namely, Yamagata-like or Victoria-like. Influenza B viruses can only infect humans. Influenza C viruses are rarely causing mild symptoms in

Avian Influenza is a disease that is rare for humans to get. It was discovered in 1878 in Italy, then the next outbreak was in the United States in 1924 and 1929. There was a total of two people were infected with this disease. In 1955, the virus once known as Fowl Plague was actually an influenza virus. Avian means relating to birds, this is how the disease got its name. In order to fully understand Avian Influenza, one must look at the causes, symptoms, and treatments of the disease.

In the genus Orthopoxvirus, 11 species that are antigenically and morphologically related can be found. These include eight Eurasian-African or Old World species and three North American or New World species. Only four of all those

One of the most intriguing questions in the evolution of the orthopoxviruses is the origin of variola virus, which may have killed as many as 300 million people over the centuries. Genomic studies of a set of variola virus isolates have shown the patterns of phylogenetic relationships between geographic variants of this highly patoghenic virus.

However, in Bolivia, the bLV infection rate was at 30% within each herd. Within Argentina, the samples showed a prevalence of 77.4%, however within each herd there was a 90.9% prevalence rate. In contrast, Chile did not have a high percentage of prevalence. There was a only a maximum of 29.1% of the herd that tested positive. The experimenters conducted the experiment by using two different phylogenetic analyses: the maximum likelihood tree and the bayesian interference approach. The bayesian interference used 35 distinct partial sequences of the env GP51 sequence from the BLV strains that were isolated from Peru, Paraguay, and Bolivia; this included 74 known BLV strains which represented 8 different BLV genotypes from various locations worldwide. By incorporating the data found, the experimenters were able to create the phylogenetic tree which grouped the various species together. By grouping the data onto the tree, they were able to discover that Peru and Paraguay had the genotypes -1, -2, and -6. However when genotypes from Bolivia were analyzed, they found the genotypes -1, -2, -6, and a new genotype, -9. They were able to discover that through evolutionary genetics, the -1, -2, and -6 were able to create the newest genotype, -9. The results were confirmed by using the Model Likelihood phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences,

among aquatic birds. This huge source of genetic variation is what makes the Type A virus the most likely to undergo antigenic shift. The influenza virus is made up of eight gene segments. When a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus come in contact with one another, they swap gene segments and create a new hybrid virus. (World Health Organization, 2005). This hybrid virus may encompass the virulent factors of both parent viruses. Since this influenza strain is new, organisms don?t have a preexisting immunity to it and this fact guarantees the virus a wide variety of susceptible hosts, allowing it to cause severe damage. Second, since the virus now contains human influenza genes, it can be transmitted efficiently between humans, fulfilling all the conditions required to cause a pandemic. The process mentioned above can be further explained by examining the virus?s structure. Type A influenza viruses

In this task, the investigation will be done is about the emerging infectious disease and the name of disease will be researched is avian influenza. Avian Influenza is also known as bird flu, is a type A influenza virus. It is lethal to poultry and is potentially fatal in humans. Avian Influenza is defined as emerging infectious disease (Bird flu (avian influenza), 2012). Water birds such as wild ducks are believed to be the carriers of all avian influenza type A viruses. The viruses are carried inside the birds’ intestines and are distributed into the environment via bird faeces (poo). Migratory birds infected with the virus could potentially spread the bird flu to any of the countries they visit. Wild birds

According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, the word avian refers to a bird. Avian flu refers to a disease caused by an infection found in birds. It is well known as the bird flu or H5N1. Avian influenza is caused by viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae, genus influenzavirus A (Food and Agriculture Organization). The influenza genera are A, B, and C. The genera A is the one known to infect birds (FAO). There are several types of avian influenza including low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) (Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2014). The virus mainly affects domestic poultry or other species of birds. There are rare cases when the virus affects humans. There are a series of events where the virus had gone viral in some countries in the world, including China, Bangladesh and Asia, just to name some of the 63 affected countries in 2003(Biswas 2014). When there is a human infection, the disease can either be mild or life threatening. The first case of human infection in the Americas was reported in Canada earlier this year (CDC 2014)

Avian Bornavirus (ABV) it is also a RNA virus meaning it not only affects the digestive system but it also damages the spinal cord and the brain. Researchers believe that ABV is one of the main causatives of PDD in birds and can lead to Macaw Wasting Disease. The Bornavirus triggers an autoimmune

Influenza commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza virus. Influenza virus are the enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the Orthmyxoviridae family which possess segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes1. This family consists of four influenza virus genera (influenza A, influenza B, influenza C and influenza D) that are classified based on differences in their internal glycoproteins nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M). Influenza A virus has the broadest host range that can infect humans, pigs, birds, horses, sea mammals and other animals2-10. Influenza B virus almost exclusively infects humans and less common

A number of studies have supported the theory that the virus had originally occurred in animals previous to human infections.5 The MERs-CoV virus is a type of coronavirus that has been known for infecting both birds and many species of mammals. These types of infections are commonly referred to as zoonotic diseases because the pathogens are able to be transferred from animals to humans. Zoonosis can happen with or without a vector in order to spread the infection. Although the exact origin of the MERs-CoV infections is unknown, there has been convincing research performed that has found related types of coronaviruses in bats and camels. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the coronavirus is found in multiple species and can cause respiratory illness and gastrointestinal upset.

The genome of Entebbe Bat Virus is a (+) single-stranded RNA ((+)ssRNA) with a linear characteristic to it. The genome encodes 3 structural proteins (Capsid, prM, and Envelope) and 8 non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5 and NS5B). The genomic RNA is modified at the 5′ end of positive-strand genomic RNA with a cap-1 structure. The (+)ssRNA doesn’t have a poly-A tail, and it possess a UTR promoter site on the 5’ end and the 3’ end if its RNA genome.

Despite this drawback the investigation was continued with the bioinformatics analyses of previously published sequence found on NBCI database. This is hoped to at minimum provide conformation to other studies and to also act as a starting point for further investigations. The evolutionary analysis used the program MEGA7 with maximum likelihood method with 1000 bootstraps,