Pros And Cons Of Using CMOS

Were included 82 eyes of 49 patients, 32 (69%) females and 17 (31%) males. The mean patient age was 33 +/- 7.4 years (range: 21 to 48 years). Mean follow up was 4.8 years (range 9 to 1 year). The mean anterior chamber depth was 3.2mm (range 2.8 to 3.67mm). Were implanted 42 Artisan IOL and 40 Artiflex IOL with a mean power of -11.1D

The study proposed herein aims to accomplish the following: To determine the optimal exposure, gamma, contrast, and brightness corrections necessary to increase the perceived contrast of images by individuals affected by Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) and to determine the optimal image overlay of input signals corrected at both high and low thresholds such that perceived contrast is maximized. Additionally, this study will develop an I/O system of minimal necessary size responsible for image processing following image acquisition from micro cameras that will output post-processed image data onto small, high resolution LCD/LED screens contained in a wearable binocular device similar to commercially available home theater glasses. Lastly, this

The authors were trying to achieve a goal that they describe as a major goal in the field of neuroscience. They were looking for some method of reporting electrical activity in neuronal populations, specifically optical reporting. They developed a voltage sensor that they named Accelerated Sensor of Action Potentials 1 or ASAP1. This allows for GFP to be inserted into an extracellular loop of a voltage-sensing domain (VSD) and making fluorescence responsive to membrane potentials. They were looking for ASAP1 to detect a broad spectrum of membrane potentials, ranging from subthreshold to rapid trains of action potentials. For this to be the case they had to have the appropriate brightness, dynamic range and kinetics.

It has gained momentum in modern era among retinal specialists as a well-accepted alternative surgical approach to vitrectomy and scleral bucking for selected cases. (3) Qualified candidates must meet well-defined inclusion criteria in order to achieve the best outcome. The indications for PR include: (4)

Therefore, before a patient could enter a clinical trial it would have to be determined whether his/her retinas were still viable. Using high resolution imaging technology called Optical Coherence Tomography; researchers studied the structure of the retina of patients with LCA and controls without disease to determine whether it was possible to ascertain

There are many advantages and disadvantages of using optogenetics. Some of the benefits of using optogenetics include being able to apply the technique to numerous levels of brain function such as neurons, synapses, local circuits and even behaviour to obtain a visual record and manipulate activity. By targeting the probe or light source to specific cellular compartments or areas of interests, specificity is achieved and researchers are able to establish links when optogenetics is implemented at different levels of the nervous system. Moreover, both the spatial resolution and temporal resolution is very precise with a millisecond scale as opsins are able to rapidly cause changes in targeted neurons by either activating or inhibiting them. Lastly,

In the following years scientists were able to target specific cells such as temperature and chemicals (alexander et all 2009), however the precision of light is unmatched. In addition light gives millisecond precision which is very important in optogenetics because of the fast pace of processes in the brain such as synaptic currents and to allow the addation or deletion of precise activity patterns

Scientists believe that the chip has already been tested and found valid for use on human beings. These are extremely small pieces of needle-like metals that are inserted just below the surface of the skin by use of a needle. These chips do not have any chemical components and their operation does not require use of a battery. They are therefore tamper-proof. How do these chips operate then? The chips usually have a number (Necerato 34). An external scanner passing over this chip induces the sending out of a radio frequency. The frequency energises the chip. This chip in turn sends out a signal containing the number initially stored in it. The scanner will then transmit the information to a database which helps to pull out the information on the chip. The chip can also be connected to a satellite especially for people who involve in the outfield

Second Sight, a private company, whose mission is to help individuals affected with Retinitis Pigmentosa which causes blindness to be able to see. In 2015, Second Sight developed a “bionic eye” called The Argus II. This first-generation device helps restore partial vision to the patients remaining retinal cells. Bionic eyes do not help to restore full vision or help those who have been blind all their life. The patient has to have been able to see prior to receiving this device. There are two different types of bionic eye implants, cortical which is brain based, and retinal which is an eye based implant. The patient will not experience 20/20 vision like someone with full eyesight, their vision will be very limited. They will be able to see

A cataract is a condition in which the transparent lens becomes progressively opaque due to varying circumstances such as genetics, environment, and diet, amongst many other variables. Regardless of the pathogenesis from which the cataract developed, a reduction in visual performance and thus, visual acuity is exhibited. In order for the visual acuities to be enhanced again, the cataract needs to be removed. An ophthalmologist will remove it and replace the natural lens with an intraocular lens (IOL). Cataract surgery has shown to be one of the safest and most effective type of surgery in which patients report having better vision in a matter of a few days.

A significantly faster detection (after 6.9 years) of photopic ERG changes was obtained when sophisticated mathematical tool were used. Our results not only demonstrate the advantage of the DWT for early detection of significant alteration in retinal function, but also as a monitoring tool that can be used even when the residual ERGs (which are often contaminated by unwanted noise) bears little resemblance with the normal waveform. This finding should positively impact the managing (diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring) of patients. However, the inter-ocular differences in the rates of changes (4.5 times faster in OD than OS) that were documented herein also unfortunately demonstrated how difficult it can be for a clinician to predict the fate (and when it will occur) of a retinal degeneration, as even in the same patient, the degeneration rate can be extremely asymmetrical. Clearly, additional long-term follow-ups of disease progression using refined quantitative methods of analyses are warranted to improve the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and to more rapidly rule out unilateral

In order for sight to be restored, the cataract does not have to be fully mature, however, when the cataract begins to interfere with daily activities, it is necessary to have surgery. Cataract surgery is performed in most countries by an ophthalmologist and is a relatively painless procedure to regain vision. It involves removing the cloudy lens tissue from the eye, which is replaced with an implant called an intraocular lens (IOL). The power of the implant is calculated individually for each eye so that the image for distance is brought to focus on the eye’s retina. After surgery a person is able to see clearly within a few hours and until the eye is completely healed, medication and care is required for a few

As discussed before, vitreous humor (VH) is a transparent gel (Chirila and Hong, 1998) , rich in hyaluronic acid and unbranched collagen Type II fibrils (Scott, 2003) which fills the posterior cavity of the eye. The hyaluronan content in the vitreous humour is higher than the protein content and plays an integral role in maintaining the internal tension (Kummer et al., 2007) of VH by a process called Donnan swelling (Kleinberg et al., 2011). Several materials have been tested as substitutes for VH, each of them serving either of the main purposes as described. The implants may either be used to replace a dysfunctional VH when opacification or physical collapse of the original structure has occurred or they may have a temporary or permanent

With the increasing ageing population around the world, it has become a major public health concern with the number of cataract cases increasing at the same rate (Mukesh, Le, Dimitrov and Ahmed, 2006).(ref 2)

The war against human blindness has been ongoing affair since the beginning of time. Because the origin of blindness varies from case to case, there is no single remedy and limited solutions are available to the visually impaired. However, recent technological breakthroughs have allowed scientists and doctors to test out possible solutions to a particular niche in the blindness spectrum: degenerative retinal diseases. Degenerative retinal diseases such as Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) attack the retina exclusively. Because of that exclusivity, the other structures in the eye are typically not compromised. Therefore, the use of a retinal implant or prosthetic device to restore functional “vision” is possible. While it is important to note that retinal implants are still a pioneering technology, clinical trials such as the Argus II clinical trial, and eye health care professionals alike are reporting promising results. As such, it seems likely that retinal prosthetic devices will be a game-changer in the future treatment of degenerative retinal diseases since the devices can restore a form of vision to an otherwise blind patient.