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Essay On Colorectal Cancer

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Omega-3 PUFAs and the colorectal cancer: a review of the similar and different effect of EPA and DHA

Abstract

Introduction
In the United States, colorectal cancer is the third in cancer-related deaths among both men and women. 28 In 2017 the estimated of newly diagnosed individuals is 135,430 cases and 50,260 deaths from CRC. More than half of new cases occur in people aged 65 years or older. 45% of men and 39% of women are younger than age 65 years at diagnosis. Alaska Natives and blacks are highest in CRC incidence rates while Asian/Pacific Islanders are the lowest. 27
CRC is a multifactorial disease. Food, environmental factors, life style and genetic factors are the most studied factors associated with incidence and mortality …show more content…

Review published preclinical and clinical studies that support anti-colorectal cancer activity of EPA and DHA and their lipid metabolites to assess whether there are any different effects between them in CRC.
Dietary sources and Metabolism of ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs
Fatty acids are carbon chains with a methyl group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other. Which is either saturated (contain only carbon–carbon single bonds) or unsaturated fatty acid (contain one or more carbon–carbon double bonds). (1) The DHA and EPA are synthesized from the n-3 precursor a-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3), whereas long chain n-6 PUFA such as arachidonic acid (ARA) are synthesized from linoleic acid (LA; 18:2). The ALA and LA are essential to the human diet (both found in vegetable oils) because neither is synthesized endogenously by humans, and the n-3/n-6 families cannot be interconverted. (25) Humans can easily metabolize linoleic acid to form the ω-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (ARA). However, due to low efficiency of conversion of α-linolenic acid to ω-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), it is recommended to obtain EPA and DHA from additional sources (oily fish, krill oil, algae oil). 24

The most important pathways of PUFAs metabolism include cyclooxygenases (COXs), lipooxygenases (LOXs), and cytochrome P450 (CYP). Cyclooxygenases (COXs)pathways convert ARA and EPA into respective prostaglandin H2(PGH2) and prostaglandin H3 (PGH3).

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