Omega-3 PUFAs and the colorectal cancer: a review of the similar and different effect of EPA and DHA
Abstract
Introduction
In the United States, colorectal cancer is the third in cancer-related deaths among both men and women. 28 In 2017 the estimated of newly diagnosed individuals is 135,430 cases and 50,260 deaths from CRC. More than half of new cases occur in people aged 65 years or older. 45% of men and 39% of women are younger than age 65 years at diagnosis. Alaska Natives and blacks are highest in CRC incidence rates while Asian/Pacific Islanders are the lowest. 27
CRC is a multifactorial disease. Food, environmental factors, life style and genetic factors are the most studied factors associated with incidence and mortality
…show more content…
Review published preclinical and clinical studies that support anti-colorectal cancer activity of EPA and DHA and their lipid metabolites to assess whether there are any different effects between them in CRC.
Dietary sources and Metabolism of ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs
Fatty acids are carbon chains with a methyl group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other. Which is either saturated (contain only carbon–carbon single bonds) or unsaturated fatty acid (contain one or more carbon–carbon double bonds). (1) The DHA and EPA are synthesized from the n-3 precursor a-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3), whereas long chain n-6 PUFA such as arachidonic acid (ARA) are synthesized from linoleic acid (LA; 18:2). The ALA and LA are essential to the human diet (both found in vegetable oils) because neither is synthesized endogenously by humans, and the n-3/n-6 families cannot be interconverted. (25) Humans can easily metabolize linoleic acid to form the ω-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (ARA). However, due to low efficiency of conversion of α-linolenic acid to ω-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), it is recommended to obtain EPA and DHA from additional sources (oily fish, krill oil, algae oil). 24
The most important pathways of PUFAs metabolism include cyclooxygenases (COXs), lipooxygenases (LOXs), and cytochrome P450 (CYP). Cyclooxygenases (COXs)pathways convert ARA and EPA into respective prostaglandin H2(PGH2) and prostaglandin H3 (PGH3).
Birt, D. F.; Pelling, J. C.; Nair, S., and Lepley, D. Diet intervention for modifying cancer risk. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1996; 395:223-34.
The extracts and polyphenols suppressed cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis, modulated signaling transduction, inhibited cell invasion, and prevented angiogenesis and metastasis in animal models related to multiple types of cancer such as liver, bladder, prostate, intestine, colon, pancreas, and mammary gland in more than one hundred publications (Yang & Wang, 2010; de Moura et al., 2013). Green tea has been studied expansively for its cancer prevention effects which are believed to be associated with green tea polyphenols known as "catechins (-)-epigallocatchin-3gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and (-)-epigallocatechin (EC)...they each have a level of antioxidants and are strong metal ion chelators, which prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)" (Yang & Wang, 2010, p. 931; Ziech et al., 2012). Further research has revealed that high concentration levels are necessary to accomplish this, and adding other agents such as Atrovastatin, a drug used to lower cholesterol, increase success (Yang & Wang, 2010). EGCG has demonstrated the most success because it "serves an antioxidant, or pro-oxidant, and
Chemotherapy is the most used drug or combination of drugs in the United States primarily to combat malignant tumors at the cost of even damaging the healthy cells. The purpose of chemotherapy is to either slow down or halt the spreading of the cancerous tumor. Yet, there is another way that is not widely used to fight against malignant tumors and that is the holistic approach. The holistic approach is showing promise to combat cancer and that is to eat organic fruits and vegetables, take natural supplements and to eliminate refined sugars and oils to name a few. With the two different ways to combat cancer in mind, it would be beneficial for cancer patients to use the holistic approach instead of chemotherapy since it does not damage any of
One of the greatest benefits of the supplement is the fact that it assists in stopping cancer from the breast, colon and prostate. If your diet plan is rich in Omega then you'd have less chances of having a heart attack or any other connected heart diseases. It has been proven clinically that Omega 3 supplements inhibit blood
Colon cancer is considered as the second killer cancer in United States and Western Europe (1). Moreover, in the U.S it is the third common cancer ,and the risk is about 6 percent(1).It mostly affects elderly men and women, and the risk to the people who are African-Americans higher (1). Moreover, a personal history or family history makes the risk greater and the lifestyle effects too (1). For example, if the person overweight or suffers from obesity, that makes him under the risk. However, what is the Colon cancer?, and why is it a deadly disease ?.This will present in this essay based on a definition of colon cancer and its symptoms, screening, treatment.
The American Heart Association published an article on October 7th, 2015. About polyunsaturated fats also known as PUFAs. PUFAs are consisted of one unsaturated carbon bond in the molecule called a double bond Omega 3 and Omega 6, and they are easily found in oils.
DMBA is an effective chemical used to induce breast tumorigenesis in rats. In this study, DMBA treatment led to the development of tumors by rats as revealed by tumorigenesis analyses and the histopathological examination. Treatment with lycopene reversed the pathological changes showing the efficiency of lycopene in breast tumor treatment. This result was in accordance with previous studies where lycopene alone or in combination with other products was proven to have anti-tumor activity.
The two most powerful forms of omega-3 fatty acids are docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). While wild-caught fish contains a good amount of omega-3 fatty acids, those living with arthritis should consider using a supplement for more potent and effective results.
Consuming DHA in a diet is proven in preclinical investigations to improve functional outcomes, such as spatial learning and memory. The lone survivor of the Sago Mine disaster and one teen- age girl who got in an accident are noted for greatly improving after consuming high doses of DHA via long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs). The LCPUFAs protect the brain from axon damage and neural apoptosis, which ultimately decreases cognitive
Studies have shown that these fatty acids such as EPA and DHA are essential to human cell membranes. Low levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids lead to weaker cells that are more likely to exhibit insulin resistance. Insulin resistance in children is likely to develop into type II diabetes mellitus in adulthood.
Over the years, there has been an emphasis on the need to watch one’s dietary intake in the wake of the many lifestyle and sedentary diseases. As a result, many healthcare practitioners have undertaken dietary counselling as a platform for preventive therapy to many diseases. In recent times, one key area that has received extensive attention in regards to nutrition is cancer. Despite the existence of many forms of cancer, global studies in conjunction with the National Cancer Institute agree that over 35% of cancer cases have a nutritional connection. The general inference that is made is that lifestyle factors such as exercise and diet contribute significantly to the health status and well-being of individuals including the possibility of developing cancer (Peisch, Blarigan, Chan, Stampfer, & Kenfield, 2016). One recent form of cancer that has a strong dietary and nutritional connection is prostate cancer. In the American context, prostate cancer is ranked as the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality within the male population only rivalled by lung cancer (Peisch et al., 2016). Epidemiologically, the statistical inferences suggest that over 33,000 men die of the disease annually from malignant cases that are reported each year in the US alone (Azrad et al., 2012). Consequentially, healthcare practitioners have sought to establish the linkage between prostate cancer and the nutritional intake such as milk and other plant products. Indeed, there are
The method of S1 was a literature search utilizing the database Pubmed for studies that contained subheadings of diet, antioxidants, and prostatic neoplasms. The reference of selected studies was reviewed to identify additional articles. Studies that only examined plasma levels were excluded. Selected were 12 intervention studies and 32 observational studies.
Colon cancer claims the lives of 12 Australians each day and is the second largest cancer killer (1). Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer in the Australian population after the age of 50. It is essential that Australian men and women are aware of the aggressiveness and severity of the disease (2) and the primary preventative methods. The Indigenous Australian population, in comparison to the non-indigenous population, have a higher prevalence of the disease and experience higher mortality rates (3). Due to the lack of medical resources and awareness, men and women living in rural areas have an increased risk of developing colon cancer (4). For these reasons, I have decided to conduct an investigation on the significance, the primary preventative methods and the impact they can have on the health and awareness of the Australian population.
Also known as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), Omega-3s play a critical role in brain function and in normal growth and development.
ECGC is the most potent of flavonoids, and it helps fight against free radicals. Which is an atom and when their paired with unpaired valance electrons it makes the free radical extremely radioactive towards other things in the body which can lead to cancer. Green teas antioxidants interfere with the development of colorectal cancers, the antioxidants found in Chamomile tea also stunt the growth of cancer cells. White tea has the more dominant anticancer properties.