One of the main challenges we face today is being able to distinguish if symptoms such as wheezing are due to concomitant asthma or due to their underlying CF-related lung disease. There are many CF patients that produce asthma-like symptoms such as wheezing and coughing but it is a weak indicator in diagnosing people with CF asthma16. A global study demonstrated a prevalence of 2-37% of asthma-like symptoms found in teenage children which varied when taking into consideration the country they were based in16.
Therefore, it is rational to expect that a large amount of CF patients will also have concomitant asthma, however, this hypothesis is delicately fragile especially when there have been papers published debating whether or not the heterozygosity of the CF gene predisposes CF patients in developing asthma. As one study proposes that the 508 mutations might provide protective properties from developing asthma17, another study opposes this theory. One of these opposing studies demonstrated this via a cross-sectional method where 9141 individuals were recruited and had genotype testing performed; where 250 CF patients had been identified to be 508 carriers18. The findings found that 9% of them had
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Also, even though asthma and CF have similar characteristics they are driven by different inflammatory agents where asthma is more eosinophilic based whereas CF is more neutrophilic24. When approached as two distinctly different aetiology, makes the mechanism of bronchodilators in CF questionable, however this will not inhibit its use as long as it can demonstrate improvement either in physiological testing or patient stated outcomes such their quality of life questionnaire had been approved than bronchodilators will continue to be
Throughout the years knowledge about asthma has grown, as well as treating it effectively. Over 300 million people are said to be victims of this disease with another 100 million being estimated by 2025 globally (Currie and Baker, 2012). In the United Kingdom, asthma is increasingly becoming one of the leading disease affecting individual of different age, ethnicity, race and gender. British Lung Foundation (2011) stated that it is more common at childhood stage and can also occur at a later age. According to Asthma UK (2014) asthma in men is less prevalence than it is in women and children troubled more with asthma than adults. Recent data in the UK shows that in children and occupational asthma in adult is on the rise with an estimate
U.S Sen. Pat Toomey holds an in-person town hall usually every Tuesday at his office called Tuesdays With Toomey. Sometimes there are specific topics and sometimes it is an open question type thing. Toomey is known to go MIA, never giving his constituents the opportunity to actually have a get together and discuss things, what every they may be. Toomey not being able to talk to his constituents and listening to their concerns for some time causes their political efficacy to go down. People have signed an online petition with more than 13,000 people strong trying to get Toomey to meet them face to face, but despite this and the constant demonstrations held downtown outside of his office, he is nowhere to be seen. Toomey did however hold a over
Brand PL, van der Ent CK. The Practical Application and Interpretation of Simple Lung Function Tests in Cystic Fibrosis. J R Soc Med. 1999;92 (Suppl 37):2–12. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
The Torah, the Tanak, the Hebrew Bible, and the Pentateuch. No matter how you say it they all mean the same thing. The Torah is the foundation of Judaism: the most sacred documents. The word Torah can mean numerous things. It often simply refers to the T in Tanak. It is most commonly translated to mean “ the law”. There are five books that make up the Torah. These books are referred to as the Five Books of Moses: Exodus, Genesis, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The books of the Torah tell the Israelites a story. A story that begins where we begin, and ends before the introduction of the Savoir. It is often questioned, who the author(s) of the Torah is (are). For this question there are generally two main hypotheses: Mosaic Authorship and the Documentary Hypothesis.
With CF people lack the special enzyme to break up mucous. Without the mucous breaking up the person cannot breathe because the lungs are filled. In life the body cannot function with enough oxygen.
A widely accepted Caucasian disease has since changed; as cases of its existence are appearing in the South Asian Population (Orenstein, Rosenstein and Stern, 2000). First discovered in 1989, Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetically predetermined condition, its presences is lifelong and highly complex, which is why many CF sufferers and families develop various mechanisms in order to adapt to the condition (Tippingemail, Scholes, Cox, 2010). Cystic Fibrosis causes the body to develop thick, sticky mucus which clogs the lungs and affects other organs in the body, mainly the pancreas. The layer of mucus if untreated develops in to a chronic infection which can be detrimental. The pancreas of a CF patient is most vulnerable, once the mucus has
Nearly 1 in every 30 Americans are a carrier of the recessive gene that leads to CF (About Cystic Fibrosis, n.d.). Although CF is a life-threatening condition, through the advancement of treatments and care, there has been a steady increase in life expectancy and improvement in the quality of life. The current mean age of survival is now 40. Although that does not seem very high, sixty years ago, a child diagnosed with CF did not survive childhood (About Cystic Fibrosis, n.d.). CF is a complex disease, where the types and severity of symptoms can differ widely from person to person. Symptoms may include fatigue, salty-tasting skin, persistent cough with phlegm, wheezing and shortness of breath, lung infections, and poor growth and weight loss (Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms, Causes & Risk Factors, 2018). Many different factors, such as the age of diagnosis, can affect an individual's health and the course of the
Cystic Fibrosis is a single gene disease, the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator gene is what causes CF, more than 900 mutations of this single gene has been discovered. Every person inherits two CFTR genes, one from each parent. Children who inherit a faulty CFTR gene from each parent will have CF. Children who inherit one faulty CFTR gene and one normal CFTR
Nonetheless, the disease is most common among Caucasians of Northern European descent. Latinos and American Indians are commonly affected too (NHBLI, 2013). According to Beery and Workman (2012), the prevalence rate of CF in the United States among Caucasians is 1 in 3000 live births, whereas a carrier status is estimated to be at 1 in 20 to 30 Caucasian Americans (p. 192). To contrast, the probability of CF in Hispanic American populations is 1 in 13, 500 and 1 in 15,100 for African American. An estimated 70, 000 individuals suffer from cystic fibrosis worldwide with 30,000 of that total residing in the United States. In addition, approximately 1,000 new cases are diagnosed each year (Schechter,
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway that impacts a person’s and their family’s quality of life. In people with asthma, their airway becomes constricted with swelling and excessive mucous. This constriction or narrowing of the airway makes it difficult for the person with asthma to breath (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2009). If asthma is left uncontrolled, it leads to further wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, tiredness, and stress. (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2009).
Cystic fibrosis is an existence restricting autosomal recessive disorder that influences 70,000 people around the world. The condition is known to affect principally those of European descent, though cystic fibrosis has been accounted for in all races and ethnicities. [12] Unusually viscous emissions in the airway of the lungs and in ducts of the pancreas in people with cystic fibrosis cause hindrances that prompt aggravation, tissue harm and destruction of both organ systems. Studies show that Cystic Fibrosis is more prominent in White Americans than African Americans, and Hispanics. A large number of Americans are carriers of this mutated Cystic Fibrosis gene, however if an individual is affected they must acquire two of these genes keeping
CF is found in nearly one of every three-thousand live births. But more than eighty percent of the patients are diagnosed by age three. Today, nearly forty percent of the diagnosed inhabitants are at the age of eight-teen or older.
Here are some other changes affecting CF patients: Crackles, non-productive or productive cough, physical changes to the chest cavity, cyanosis, and clubbing of the fingernails. Genetic testing should be done since cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder. Those affected with cystic fibrosis have parents “who do not have cystic fibrosis but are heterozygotes or carriers of the disease. A heterozygote has 1 dominant allele and 1 recessive allele.” (Grossman & Grossman, 2005, p. 46) My co-worker and her spouse are heterozygotes, and they have a 50/50 chance of having a cystic fibrosis child, they were not lucky with the odds and both their sons are affected with cystic fibrosis. These
Breathing is a vital process for every human. Normal breathing is practically effortless for most people, but those with asthma face a great challenge. During an asthma attack, breathing is hampered, making it difficult or even impossible for air to flow through the lungs. Asthma is an increasingly common problem, and has become the most common chronic childhood disease. At least 17 million Americans suffer from it(1), and although it can be fatal, it is usually not that severe(4). There is no cure for asthma, but with proper care, it can usually be controlled.
The use of marijuana in the United States used to be a rather taboo subject. The infamous slogans of “Just Say No” and “Reefer Madness” filled the ears of society and many listened. However, in recent years marijuana legalization has come to the forefront of politics, as more and more Americans are opening up to the idea of legalizing marijuana nation wide for medical and recreational purposes. With about half of adults in the United States in favor of legalizing marijuana it shows that this may be the first time in history where complete legalization of the drug could be a real possibility. It’s not just millennials at the forefront of this fight either. Support from Generation X, the Baby Boomers, and even the Silent Generation have been steadily climbing over the past decade (Nathan). Legalization of marijuana would not mean a free for all for those who use cannabis for either medicinal or recreational purposes. Supporters of legalization propose that marijuana should be regulated and taxed similarly to how alcohol is. There would be a set legal age for those who wish to purchase it, the marijuana would only be available at certain retail outlets, it would be taxed, and there would still be criminal charges placed on those who drive under the influence. Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, and the District of Columbia have already passed legislation to legalize marijuana and have seen positive effects from doing so. Washington and Colorado were the first two states to do