Our study revealed that 82% of the participants had at least one drug related problem. The mean number of drug related problems was 1.65 ± 1.05. The most common drug related problems were need for additional drug therapy (29.35%), ineffective drug therapy (27.94%) and dose too low (15.8%). We found that 82% of the participants had at least one DRP. This finding is comparable with the report by Haugbolle et al (37) where 80.7% of participants had at least one DRP. similar finding was also noted in Adama, Ethiopia (38) where 80.7% of the participants had at least one DRP. However, the rate of DRPs in our set up is higher than the findings from India (39) where 71.1% of the patients had at least one DRP (mean 1.30± 1.10). This higher …show more content…
These findings are higher than the reports from Malaysia (19), India and Indonesia(16,33,34)(18)(40). The need for additional drug therapy in theses studies we compared ranged from 4.5%-15.61%. These variations may be due to differences in the tools used to classify drug related problems and study designs. Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe classification of DRPs was used to categorize DRPs in other studies while we used Cipoll’s drug related problem identification tool in our study. Differences in type 2 diabetes management guideline and the study settings might also be the possible reasons. For example, nearly 10% of type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension comorbidity in our set up received hydrochlorothiazide or Amilodipine while guidelines recommend the use angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin recptor blockers or nondihydropyridine clacium channel blockers. This is because these class of drugs have renoprotective effect and reduce protein uria (41).The rate of ineffective drug therapy in our study is slightly lower than the study in Indonesia (42)where ineffective drug therapy was identified in 50% of the participants. In about 16% of the DRPS, the dose of drug was too low. This was in line with the study inThailand (43) and Ambo (44), Ethiopia, but higher than the reports from Malaysia, Indonesia and India ranging from 1.3%-12.92% (16,33,34). This discrepancy may be due to fact that all of
Americans have access to and benefit from one of the most technologically advanced pharmaceutical systems in the world. However, this system is also very strict and tedious. The system this paper will evaluate is the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), more specifically, the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Although, having access to this system can be frustrating to those that are in the pharmaceutical development industry or those that have illnesses and need the best drugs available in order to cope with their symptoms.
Byerly, W. (2009). Working with the institutional review board. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy: AJHP: Official Journal Of The American Society Of Health System Pharmacists, 66(2), 176-184. Retrieved from http://library.kaplan.edu/content.php?pid=150035
Prescription drug use has increased steadily in the U.S. over the last ten years. Nearly 70 percent of Americans are on at least one prescription drug and more than half of those receive at least two or more prescriptions. The amount of people who took at least one prescription drugs has accelerated 4 percent between the years 1999 and 2008. As there is a steady increase in drug consumption, drug development and regulation process should be taken more
The textbook pointed out that drug prevention and drug ________ might have different goals and use different approaches.
There is a big question floating in the air around a lot of people today,
3. Finally, try to find data concerning prevalence and incidence for this year in comparison to prior years. Are we making any progress?
3) Compared two drugs of interest. 4) Have similar groups, allocation concealment, baseline validity and reliability of measures in order to eliminate bias of studies 5) Have low risk of bias. 6) Patients that receive medication treatment within twelve months after diagnosis. The strength of evidence was graded as high, moderate, low or insufficient based on established guidelines on four criteria: a) Risk of bias b) Consistency c) Directness d) Precision
Pharmaceutical drug dependency is not a new craze sweeping the nation. Although it has progressed, it is something that has been a noticeable issue since the early twentieth century. For starters, there is a pill for everything; pregnancy, being over-weight, pain, sneezing, and much more. When you have a variety like that, it’s hard not to take the easy way out. The latest generations of prescription drugs compensate conditions such as depression, gynecological disorders, hyperactivity, impotence, sleeping problems and more. We are waist deep in a pill culture. According to Tennent, a reason for this up-rise in patients being so eager to take up prescription drugs is that new and more sophisticated drugs have reduced the severity of accompanying side-effects. (Tennent) However, this is a gamble and something one could not be sure of. There are medications prescribed for less
Prescription drug abuse has been around since doctors started prescribing medication, but widespread prescription drug abuse and addiction has only surfaced in the last 20 years or so. Unfortunately because these drugs are continued to be abuse widely, there are concerns for physicians who are legitimately prescribing these medications to patients who truly need them. However there are doctors who recklessly prescribe these drugs to unknowing patients who form addictions to them. Prescription medications commonly abused include opioids often prescribed to treat pain, central nervous system depressants used to treat anxiety, and stimulants used for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) as well as some sleeping disorders.
The first being dependent patients who may be intentionally or inadvertently misusing their medications. Although this group may have genuine pain problems, some patients have become dependent as they rely on the drugs to improve how they feel or difficulties trying to cope with challenges in their life. Inadvertent dependence can arise from various reasons such as inappropriate prescribing, limited health literacy, poorly formed medication instructions or lack of communication by health care providers. The second group that abuses pharmaceutical drugs are those who use these medications for non-medical purposes. These individuals may be obtaining the medicines for self-treating purposes, personal recreational use or to trade on to others who abuse
The study sample will consist of 1,000 randomly selected patients from randomly selected from the Denver metro area. The Denver metro area includes the following counties: Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Clear Creek, Denver, Douglas, Elbert, Gilpin, Jefferson, and Park. The sampling frame is a survey conducted by the patients post-visit with their clinician. On the survey, it will have the same questions to each patient asking if they had utilized information from DTCA information with their physicians, and if so what type of inquiry.
In Malaysia, failure to take medication as prescribed is a complicated and common problem. People have minor awareness and do not realize the damage and consequences of non-adherence. There are numerous explicit and implicit factors contributing to poor medication
I. Open with impact: One in every one hundred people are affected by OCPD. Even more are
Liley L.L., Harrington, S., & Snyder J.S. (2011). PHARMACOLOGY for Canadian Health Care Practice 2nd Canadian Edition. Ontario, Ca: MOSBY Elsvier.
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology that seeks to understand drugs and how they affect the body. It involves the analysis of how drugs interact with the biological function of the body and how these drugs react with each other, their natures, and their properties. All drugs are considered chemicals and when ingested into the body an affect from the drug takes place. According to Doweiko (1999), “A drug is essentially a foreign chemical that is introduced into the individual’s body to bring about a specific desired response. There are many forms of drugs and how these drugs are administered in the body determines the kind of result that will take place. The Central Nervous System, (CNS) plays a major role in how these