Essay On Exosomes

An abnormality in this process leads to a number of problems, including cancer. MicroRNAs are a type of RNA which inhibit the expression of genes and play a vital role in the development of cancer. Of notable interest is miR-378, as it increases tumor angiogenesis and growth and also enhances the survival of these cells, by decreasing the expression of tumor suppression genes like Sufu. A study testing human cell lines found that when Sufu expression levels were high, miR-378 expression levels were low, and when Sufu levels were low, miR-378 levels were high, showcasing that the two were negatively correlated. Because repression of Sufu can lead to rampant proliferation of cells, the inhibition of Sufu is essential in order for miR-378 to promote angiogenesis and increase cell

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadliest cancers one can be afflicted with in the United States of America. Within one year of affliction, the survival rate is a mere twenty percent. Within five years of affliction, only six percent of patients will still be alive. Pancreatic cancer has long since been renowned for being caused by epigenetic changes in many cases. One subset of epigenetic a is DNA methylation which can suppress genes and prevent them from being transcribed. Aberrant DNA methylation increases the risk of metastatic pancreatic cancer by silencing tumor-suppressor microRNAs. Although methylation silencing can have disastrous effects, it can help by enabling scientists and doctors to recognize signs of pancreatic cancer early

Medsaic developed new platform technology, now known as DotScanTM, which is a solid-phase cell-capture assay using an antibody mircoarray to immunophenotype cancer cells[2], as well as

Background and Rationale. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly malignant with the lowest survival of any human cancer (1). Extensive metastasis and therapeutic resistance are the two major contributors to the dismal prognosis of this malignancy (3-5). The mechanisms by which PDAC cells can successfully spread and metastasize are largely unknown, and molecular events underlying the tumor cell’s resistance to therapeutics remain to be defined (6,7). The objective of this proposal is to use a special type of cancer cell, circulating tumor cell (CTC), responsible for the poor prognosis to characterize these cells and to test therapeutics we have designed to overcome therapeutic resistance and improve patient survival.

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which arises in cells that lines breast duct. Many imaging techniques are used for the screening and diagnosis, but typically patients are diagnosed at advanced stage only, and the prognosis is associated with early detection. At present serum and protein biomarkers improving early detection of breast cancer, these make better treatment options with a better response. MicroRNAs and CA 15-3 most widely used serum biomarker in breast cancer. Amplification of chromosomal regions encoding oncogenic miRNAs is consequently silencing or inhibits tumor suppressor genes. The standard treatment options for breast

Microvesicles play a role in intracellular communication and transport mRNA, miRNA, and other proteins between the cells.

In a normal cell, the rate at which the normal cell grows and proliferate is tightly regulated, however, resistance to such regulation as a result of gene mutation is a hallmark of cancer. Proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and microRNA genes are the three major groups of normal cellular genes associated with cancer(Faguet, 2015).

This study aims to evaluate the prognostic effect of miRNA expression in stage II CRC patients. The research protocol follows the PRISMA-P (the Preferred Reporting

Saumet et al. in 2008 observed that miR-23a~27a~24-2 is directly repressed by the PML-RARA oncogene. also in some study upregulation of miR-23a has been observed in cancers(22). Considerable up-regulation of miR-23a was reported by Meng and Gottardo in human bladder cancer and in malignant cholangiocytes compared to normal tissues. Furthermore, Mi et al. in their study showed that miR-23a was among several other miRNAs that have been differentially expressed between acute myeloid leukemia (AMLs) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALLs). In addition, up-regulation of miR-23a/b along with miR-24 has also been identified in osteoblast cell line (20,21).

Western blot showed that miR-138-5p could also inhibit the expression of PCNA, which was thought to be a proliferation biological marker13 .These results showed that miR-138-5p inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells.

The general characteristics of tumor include the increased proliferation rate and migration ability, the loss of cellular identity and the failure of controlling the cellular death. How is miRNA involved in the development of cancer? Kolokythas et al. considered it was possible that the involvement of miRNA in cancer merely reflected the loss of normal cellular characteristics during malignant transformation [21]. Furthermore, microRNAs have also been documented to have roles in all of the cancer hallmarks defined by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2011[18-13].

Just after the Valadi’s discovery in 2007(59), various studies have been performed, in order to characterize exosomal miRNA as diagnostic biomarkers for cancers. In 2008, Taylor et al. reported that eight miRNAs, including miR-21, miR-141, miR-200a, miR-200c, miR-200b, miR-203, miR-205 and miR-214, previously demonstrated as diagnostic markers for ovarian cancer, were also present in serum exosomes, isolated from the ovarian cancer patients (74). In 2009, Rabinowits and collegues carried out a miRNA-profiling analysis on tumor biopsy specimen, exosomes isolated from lung adenocarcinoma patients and control subjects. They found a similar miRNA profile between exosomes and tumor biopsy samples from

Our project will investigate in three Specific Aims by a team of complementary and multidisciplinary experts on PDAC clinical treatment and translational cancer research. The team will focus on developing new PDAC treatments by characterizing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) using blood and tissues from PDAC patients in our on-going clinical trials. The translational significance of our work is that CTCs represent the metastatic and therapeutic resistant tumor cells that spread, travel and grow in other organs despite therapy. CTCs may thus harbor the malignant properties of metastasis and

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), represent tumor cells that contain a heterogeneous population of cells, including apoptotic tumor and viable tumor cells that have cast off into the circulation or lymphatic vessels from a primary or metastatic tumor and are transported around the body by undergoing phenotypic changes that are accompanied by a process called as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) [69-73]. Evidence now suggests that the tumors has ability to make their own blood vessels when they reach the size of 1-2 mm3 by inducing angiogenesis or through vasculogenic mimicry, the blood vessels composed of endothelial cells and tumor cells. However, vasculogenic mimicry forms blood vessels without endothelial cells. In fact, they are a

This article is about how to detect circulating tumor cells using negative enrichment immunofluorescence and an in situ hybridization system in pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is known as the most lethal malignancy with an extremely 5-year survival rate. Circulating tumor cells are the tumor cells that fall off from solid tumor masses and travel into the peripheral blood circulation, and they have been popularly detected by the CellSearch system and used as promising biomarkers to monitor chemotherapeutic efficacy in prostate cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer.expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and cytokeratins (CK) on the surface of CTCs are what the cellsearch system depends on for detecting CTC. CTC