This paper examined the association, instead of causality, of extreme climatic events on the net and the out population flows in communities in the NSW region of the MDB through Bayesian hierarchical spatio-temporal modelling. The datasets were obtained from different sources with misalignments in geographical locations and in time. This required an extensive amount of data preparation and modelling to create the dataset for the final analysis presented in this paper. Furthermore, we formally tested that both the spatial dependency and the temporal dependency is statistically important, and thus should not be ignored in the modelling hierarchy, which is often not the case in the literature as we mentioned in Section 1.
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The model-based results indicated that the extreme climatic events (both temperature and precipitations) have a negative association on the net population flow for various communities. According to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) (Pachauri et al., 2014) the extreme heat events are increasing (as also indicated in Figure 4), and will keep increasing in the future to accompany a more volatile climate. In addition, projections to 2100 from various global climate models also show that the extremes would continue to be intensified (Donat et al., 2016) and a similar intensification trend on heat days as well as extreme rainfall days are projected for the MDB (Leblanc et al., 2012). The extreme climatic events like hurricanes and river flooding often devastate communities and then damage socio-economic status, which would further influence population flows as evidenced in the US study (Cross, 2014). Hence, with an additional assumption for the conditions of socio-economic variables remain unchanged, we see from the predictive scenario analysis that the total population will decrease in some of the agriculture-related SA2s. With a further development on social-sciences conceptual theories and with more data collection, our future modelling development would help to answer some more interesting questions like how many net/out population flow will reach a critical point for a SA2 community. Federal,
Answer. I mentioned in question 2(b) that parts of Brazil because of the location near and right on the equator and the reason being is because twice in a year the sun's rays are vertical at the equator. Thus, the temperature is uniformly high in the equatorial region, and the annual range of temperature is negligible. (Rajan, 2012). The equatorial region experience so little winter cooling because of this. (Hess, 2011).
8. Create a graph: Select the GRAPH tab. Set the mass slider to 0 kg, and click Record to plot a point on the graph. Plot a point for each possible mass to create a graph showing the relationship between pressure and volume.
fast as HIV. "Ebola does in ten days what it takes HIV ten years to accomplish,"
AUTHOR: Richard Preston PUBLISHER: Random House DATE OF PUBLICATION: 1994 Setting: The setting g takes place in two major places. Reston Maryland which is a suburb of Washington DC. and the second major area is in Kenya Africa.
Richard Preston, the author of The Hot Zone, wanted us to believe two things. The first is that the viruses explained throughout the novel, such as Marburg and Ebola, are nature’s defense against the “infectious parasite” that the human race is on this planet. He emphasizes that the horrible viruses are the earth’s way of punishing the human race for taking over and for preventing their future expansion. The second thing he wanted us to believe is the idea that the Ebola virus could spread very rapidly if it’s airborne. In today’s society, with the use of airplanes, it’s very easy for viruses such as Ebola which are airborne to spread all over the world, and “feed” on a variety of hosts around the world. In the novel, many of the outbreaks
High Heat by Carl Graduating High School is a must yet going to college is a plus. High Heat by Carl Deuker, Shane was always on the straight road to life. His parents had him on a good path and also a good head on his shoulders. They had their kids in the best of schools living in a upper class neighborhood. When one day at his baseball games his father was arrested on money laundering, that’s when he lost everything.
Heavy precipitation events that historically occurred once in 20 years are projected to occur as frequently as every 5 to 15 years by this late century. Short term droughts are expected to intensify in most regions. Longer term droughts are expected to intensify in larger regions in the Southwest. Flooding may intensify in many U.S regions. Climate change is affecting the groundwater availability also. Sea level rising and storms surges are expected to compromise the sustainability of coastal freshwater and
In 1980 a man named Charles Monet went on a trip with a girlfriend up to Mountain Elgon in West Kenya. They spent the night there and went to a large cave called Kitcum cave. Three days after his return home, Charles began to have a headache. A few days later he went to the doctors and they told him he should go to a bigger/better hospital in Nairobi. So Charles flew to Nairobi.
Reviewing the requirements for a hotspot makes the fact that the North American Costal Plain is 1 of only 36 hotspots in the world makes this fact so much more aspiring. When looking at a map it is clear that the North American Costal Plain starts in Mexico and goes all the way up into Massachusetts, and Louisiana is completely nestled into this plain. Looking closely into different regions of the North American Costal Plains shows that even though these regions are all a costal plain they each have their own setting and unique characteristics. To reflect on why the biodiversity varies, this paper will explore some of the North American Coastal Plain briefly.
Did you know that a light freeze (Cold weather) where the temperature falls below 32 degrees Fahrenheit can actually improve the flavor of your vegetables in your garden? The reason so is because the strength of the freeze does different things to your plant. A light freeze actually has the ability to freeze the flavor within the plant. Freezing the flavor is just the same as cutting up the plant, and throwing it into the freezer. However, letting the frost, freezing the flavor is a more efficient natural way. A strong freeze where the temperature falls below 25 degrees Fahrenheit can nearly destroy your garden. This is because the air can actually freeze the water within the plant. If that happens then almost all living functions that the
In the words of Barack Obama, “climate change is no longer some far-off problem; it is happening here, it is happening now.” (J. S. World Economic Forum, 2015) This global phenomenon is causing many problems around the world and is affecting both developed countries like Canada and other countries in the process of developing. This report investigates how climate change can pose significant impacts on all countries despite economic stability. Places like Canada are affected by the severe storms and drastic changes in weather and these changes can hurt the environment and the economy. They can also pose threats to crop production and public health. Climate change can also hurt the developmental progression of low-income countries
The topic is about whether temperatures were actually warmer in the Middle Ages than they are today. If so, why? If no, why not? I believe it is important because to know our past is to predict our future. The knowledge of what the temperatures were like fifteen-hundred years ago, with little human interference, is the perfect way to create a scenario of today's climate and the how's and why's. However, going down this rabbit hole one may uncover uncomfortable facts about our current predicament. Answers found in both the past and the present could be disturbing.
Climate change is one of the most important challenges of humankind in this century. The ability to adapt, mitigate and reduce carbon emissions will be decisive to preserve the world for future generations. The last IPCC report has provided more evidence regarding the rise in temperature and sea level. Apparently, additional 2°C above the pre-industrial average temperature levels is unavoidable, and it will continue at that level due the accumulation of gases in the atmosphere (Solomon 2009). Climate change will affect people all around the world in different ways, though the capacity to cope with it is different among regions and countries. The Latin America region is notably susceptible to climate change, due its geographical position, population location and its economy relying in natural resources (Vergara et. al. 2013a). The withdrawal of the coral biome, glaciers melting, jungles & forest savannization and strongest climate events are only some of the threats that will affect their inhabitants.
Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between two substances at different temperatures. The flow of the energy is from the object of higher temperature to the object of lower temperature. The heat is measured in units of energy, usually calories or joules. Temperature on the other hand, is how cold or hot an object is. The temperature is the average kinetic energy per molecule of a substance. This is measured in degrees on the Celsius or Fahrenheit or in Kelvins.
It is evident that the climate of the world is changing and has been since the creation of the earth but over that past decade the change had begun to occur more rapidly. With this occurrence of climate change is the occurrence of violent conflict among humans. In most parts of the world the climate change impacts social ecological systems such as temperature, sea level, and annual precipitation. Other occurrence have just increased in intensity and frequency such as floods, droughts, storms, cyclones, fires, heat-waves, epidemics and hurricanes. Yet these environmental changes do not undermine human security but they do assist in the use up of the natural resources that humans need to maintain the “normal” daily life and most importantly survive.