Essay On Flashbulb Memory

Assuming the company does not invest in the new product line; prepare forecasted income statements and balance sheets at year-end 2010, 2011, and 2012. Based on these forecasts, estimate Flash's required external financing: in this case all required external financing takes the form of additional notes payable from its commercial bank, for the same period.

This essay will be looking at the role of ecological validity and the importance it has in psychological research. Ecological validity refers to the extent to which a study reflects naturally occurring or everyday situations. It will also consider the advantages and disadvantages of ecological validity, through exploring studies such as the bobo doll experiment and a study on memory. Ecological validity is one of many important factor in psychological research. Also being addressed is what goes into a study or experiment and all the things that need to be considered to achieve ecological validity. In addition, it is important to design the study in such a way that the results obtained can be usefully and meaningfully applied to the area in question. Constructing experiments that achieve high ecological validity is quite a complex and difficult task.

Throughout our lives, we definitely have gone through a lot of experiences and made memories. Some of the memories are easily forgotten, while some others are remembered distinctively, vividly and can be recollected confidently. This is called the flashbulb memory. Flashbulb memory is like a very clear picture of a particularly impactful event which had caused one to be affected emotionally. For example, I remember this performance that my school choir was performing. It was during Christmas season and we decided to spray bubble foam to portray fake snow. However, the plan backfired when the wind blew at our direction and all the foam flew back to us. This was remembered very clearly because I was embarrassed and had experienced something so

·  Based on your review of the statistics in the study, do you agree with the study’s conclusions? Why or why not?

The theory of flashbulb memory was suggested by Brown and Kulik. Flashbulb memory is a special kind of emotional memory, which refers to vivid and detailed memories of highly emotional events that paper in the brain as though with the help of a camera’s flash. Flashbulb memory can be defined as a highly accurate and exceptionally vivid memory of a moment. The theory of flashbulb memory therefore distinguished flashbulb memories from the normal memories, as the flashbulb memories are more vivid, detailed, accurate, long-lasting and easily to remember, whereas the normal memories are believed to be mostly unreliable and easily distorted. Brown and Kulik also suggested that, there may be a special neural mechanism in the brain which triggers an emotional arousal because that event is unexpected or extremely important.

Lightbulb memories are vivid long-lasting memories of a personal circumstance when that person learns of a shocking event. The causes of these vivid memories are most due to intense emotions felt when they heard the news, and the fact that lightbulb memories are often told and retold. However, lightbulb memories do become more and more inaccurate with time. People add or remove information to their story without even realizing it. When listening to someone talk about their 9/11 experience, it is almost impossible not to notice the amount of detail. People could recall exactly where they were, even what they eat for breakfast (a task many people find difficult even if only asked what they ate for breakfast

On the other hand, Sharot et al carried out a study that supported this theory in 2007. The aim was to determine the role of biological factors on flashbulb memories three years after the 911 attacks. It included 24 participants who were in New York City on that day. Their brain activity was observed using functional magnetic resonance imaging as they recalled the event, as well as other distinct, autobiographical events from the summer of 2001. The latter served as baseline memories for evaluating the nature of 9/11 memories. After the fmri, participants were asked to rate their memories depending on how vivid, detailed, confident, and accurate they thought they were.

This article explains the importance of getting the perfect amount of sleep at night. The idea that sleeping for less than five hours or more than nine hours proves to have a negative effect on the human body. Sleep deprivation has a closely related link to memory retention and can cause a person to have trouble with daily task. The author continues to explain that not only is the brain effected by too little or too much sleep, but the rest of the body is also effected. Conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and even depression have links to not getting the perfect amount of sleep. The article concludes with listing tips to get the ideal amount of sleep at night, such as, going to sleep and waking up at the same time every day and limiting the amount of caffeine that is consumed throughout the day.

The research article Tv or not Tv? Does the immediacy of viewing images of a momentous news event affect the quality and stability of flashbulb memories? was authored by Evelyn G. Schaefer, Micheal K. Halldorson, and Cheryl Dizon-Reynante at the University of Winnipeg in Canada. These researchers sought to investigate if the time in which an individual these images of traumatic events would affect the formation of flashbulb memories (Schaefer, 2011). A flashbulb memories as defined by Brown & Kulik are, “an extremely vivid and detailed recollection of one’s contextual personal circumstances on first learning of an extraordinary, shocking event either public or personal (Schaefer, 2011)”. These vivid types of memories rely on “canonical categories” when being recalled, such as the activity preformed when the event took place, who told them about the event, and where they were when it happened (Schaefer, 2011).

Regardless of whether the study is descriptive or experimental, the extent to which a study's results can be generalized or applied to other people or settings reflects its external validity. Group research engaging randomization will initially possess higher external validity than will case studies and single-subject experimental research that do not use random selection for the assignment.

Assuming the company does not invest in the new product line; prepare forecasted income statements and balance sheets at year-end 2010, 2011, and 2012. Based on these forecasts, estimate Flash's required external financing: in this case all required external financing takes the form of additional notes payable from its commercial bank, for the same period.

The CFO of Flash Memory, Inc. prepares the company's investing and financing plans for the next three years. Flash Memory is a small firm that specializes in the design and manufacture of solid state drives (SSDs) and memory modules for the computer and electronics industries. The company invests aggressively in research and development of new products to stay ahead of the competition. Increased working capital requirements force the CFO to consider alternatives for additional financing. In addition, he must also consider an investment opportunity in a new product line that has the potential to be extremely profitable. Students must prepare financial forecasts, calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), estimate cash flows, and

Criticism: The setback which has been observed about this theory at times is that the theory uses a very small set of sample size while proposing a factual observation. However, a better way of ensuring the

Recollections of vivid autobiographical episodic memories formed when an individual experiences intense emotions, generating from a surprising public event defines Flashbulb memories (FBMs). Permanent and consistent remembrances processed cognitively and stored as explicit recollections in long term memory are additional features of FBMs (Goldstein, 2014). Brown & Kulik (1977) first proposed this phenomenon and argued FBMs are resistant to change like photographs. The ongoing debate over the process of cognition in relation to storing and recalling FBMs led numerous researchers to advance their understanding of the mental processing of FBMs and to evaluate the impact emotions have on memories. This paper discusses the pioneer investigation and findings from Brown & Kulik’s 1977. It further explores debates opposing their unique theory of FBMs and the apparent inadequacies of their conclusions. Additionally, this paper examines plausible hypotheses from researchers for the formation of FBMs like rehearsal of events and the inconsistencies of FBMs, their distortions and the decay FBMs experience over time. It then evaluates a contemporary study on FBMs and the necessity for future studies to develop a method to measure FBMs. This is imperative in order to gain a deeper understanding of the influences emotions have on shaping, processing and storing FBMs cognitively and consequently how it impacts on our daily lives.

Like the experiment done by Conway et al, Neisser and Harsch investigated people’s memory accuracy of the incident 24 hours after the explosion and then again two years after. The results were: one day after the disaster, 215 of the participants said that they heard about the disaster on television. Two and a half years later 45% of the participants claimed to have heard of the event on the television. Their memories of how they learned the news about the challenger disaster changed over time and was a huge loophole in the studies in favor of flashbulb memory. Through this study it can be concluded that flashbulb memories are not reliable and may in fact just be ordinary memories.