Essay On Galectin-1

Cancer, medically called ‘tumorigenesis’ (Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430) occurs when cells in the body orient themselves for malignant growth. Such cells show ‘self-sufficiency in growth signals’, are ‘insensitive to anti-growth signals’ and have ‘limitless replicative potential’ (Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430). Once a particular set of cells become malignant, the malignancy can spread to other set of cells in different organs due to ‘crosstalk’ between the affected cells and their surrounding ‘tissues’ and ‘micro-environments’(Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430).

HeLa cells are the most widely used human cell lines in existence. They are used in many experiments. For example, recent studies have shown that expression of girdin is associated with types of cancer. The expression of gidin was suppressed when in HeLa cells in vitro which allowed the gidin to be evaluated. It was found that patients with high-grade cervical cancer tumors exhibited strong expression of girdin. It appeared that girdin is key in HeLa cell

In vitro: Daun02 was found to be a good substrate for β-gal, while gal-DCN4 was a poor substrate. Compared with mock-transduced control cells, except for PC3, the β-gal-transduced tumors showed 3- to 60-fold increased sensitivity to Daun02. In addition, in culture medium containing β-gal-transduced cell lines but not in the medium from mock-transduced controls, daunomycin was formed from Daun02 [1].

Figure 2 [3]: The role of cadherin and catenin in the binding of cancer cells to the endothelium.

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBCs) is a highly lethal but relatively rare neoplasm of the digestive tract. Most of GBCs are adenocarcinoma (AC), and squamous carcinoma (SC) or adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) is a rare histopathologic subtype, which accounts for an estimated 1.4 - 10.6% of all GBCs cases [1]. However, the clinicopathologic characteristic and biological feature in SC and ASC of the gallbladder have not yet been fully clarified, due to their lower disease incidence. The previous studies indicated that their tumorigenesis might be induced by the gallbladder mucosa squamous metaplasia, or the pluripotent basal cells from mucous membrane of gallbladder, which may be associated with chronic inflammation of gallstones [2-4]. In addition, other investigation found that SC/ASC of the gallbladder might be result in some carcinogens, including bile anthracene and methyl anthracene, from long-term bacteria or chemical reactions [5]. Moreover, the histologic morphology of SC/ASC is differed from AC, including grater proliferation capacity, high-grade malignancy, and the aggressive invasion of surrounding organs, and less metastasis in regional lymph node and distant organs [6]. Notably, there is no detectable symptom in the

There are two important type of genes responsible for the development or cancer namely tumor suppressor because their normal function is

The cancer cells had spread into the dermis and even into the subcutaneous layer of the skin. The cells with pleomorphic nuclei that were in the epidermis were surrounding the main tumor. Since the cancer had reached this stage, the immune system was actively trying to fight this disease.6 The lymphocytes were producing antibodies to combat the cancer cells which were considered as a threat to the body. They were also trying to get rid of the foreign tissue that might be present.

When cells were treated with NS-398 (suppresses COX2 activity), bystander spread to neighboring cells were drastically reduced (Zhou et al., 2005). The spread of irradiated tumor cells to normal cells is dependent on the coupling strength of the GJC and/or the permeability. The effects of COX2 being coexpressed with either Cx32 or Cx26 showed contrasting results. With the induced expression of Cx26, propagation of radiation damage to neighboring DNA can be seen (figure (1,2)). On the contrary, the expression of Cx32 helped reduce the spread through bystander effect (Zhao, de Toledo, Hu, Hei, & Azzam, 2014). Since different subtypes of connexins have a different permeability to signaling molecules, Cx32 may have a lower permeability to different secondary messengers. In cells expressing COX2 knockdown, the coupling of Cx26 to AG1522 cells (bystander human fibroblasts) were drastically delayed (delay of bystander effect) (Zhao et al., 2014). Thus, it may present clues to pathways regulating GJIC in radiotherapy

VGCC are found on tumour cells in small cell lung cancer. Antibodies are produced against the tumour, but also attack the VGCC on non-cancerous cells. 60% of LEMs cases are a result of a paraneoplastic condition.

As the world continues to suffer from these devastating diseases, researchers continue to find alternative therapeutic ways of addressing cancer treatment. It is on this premise that various immunotherapeutic alternatives have emerged and currently garnering the greatest level of attention and already raising hope throughout the world in addressing the treatment of NSCLC. However, this can no longer be viewed as a discovery but a wave in the medicine world that began in the 20th century. Various researchers have found the importance of the role of immune systems in fighting the growth of tumor caused by cancer cells. A study by Huncharek (2000) stated that specific immune boosters are capable of eliminating preclinical cancers. In contrast, Jermal et al. (2011) found that immunotherapy is an effective approach for the treatment of tumors that have already turned into solid. Similarly, the researchers highlighted that immunotherapy can be an effective approach to the treatment of melanoma as well as renal cell cancers (Lasalvia-Prisco, 2008). However, Jemal et al. (2011) noted that immunotherapy cannot achieve much in cancer treatment due to limitation brought about by the emission of immunosuppressive cytokines and subsequent loss of antigen expressions. Recent development in research studies on the immunotherapy approach to cancer treatment continues to elicit mixed reactions among researchers of medicinal ecology (Jadad et al., 1996). However, recent development in

Regarding racial disparity in the prevalence of ETS gene fusions and SPINK1 expression, we observed higher incidence of SPINK1+ in AA compared to CA. It is important to note that we have observed about 21.1% of the cases negative for ERG and SPINK1 in all tumor foci (Table 1). Moreover, we did not observe any patient sample that is positive for ERG or SPINK1 in all tumor foci indicating the extent of molecular heterogeneity and independent clonal origin of each tumor foci with distinct driver molecular aberrations. Therefore, we evaluated all the ERG/SPINK1- negative and positive cases for ETV1 by RNA-ISH and thus far, we have completed evaluation of 132 cases (78, CA, 33, AA and others-screening in progress) and observed 6.06% of the cases positive for ERG+/SPINK1+/ETV1+ (triple marker positive) in a mutually exclusive manner (Table 2; Figure 6). We also observed cases with ERG+ and SPINK1+ expression either in immediately adjacent tumor foci with different Gleason pattern (Figure 8) or at a distant tumor foci of varying size and Gleason pattern (Figure 10). Similar to ERG+ and SPINK1+ expression in adjacent tumor foci we observed cases with ERG+ and ETV1+ expression in immediately adjacent tumor foci (Figure 9). It is for the first time we have demonstrated the molecular heterogeneity of PCa using driver molecular aberrations by preserving the spatial tumor landscape for direct qualitative and quantitative assessment under

Invertebrates lack a complex clotting factor cascade that is found in humans. Instead horseshoe crabs have a group of proteins known as lectin (3). The function of Tachylectin-5A, which is produced by hemolymph, posses strong hemagglutinating activity against all types of human erythrocytes (3). It plays an important role in the recognition of invading pathogens. Tachylectin-5A serves to trigger the activation of the complement system and the activation of serine proteases (6).

The author of this article wanted to investigate if Galectin-3 is involved in the development of skin lesion with a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE. Patients with SLE, dermatomyositis, systemic scleroderma and healthy person were studied. Galectin-3 in these group of people were examined using ELISA and immunohistochemical staining. Results shows that galectin-3 serum level is low in epidermis in skin lesion from a patient with SLE, dermatomyositis and systemic scleroderma compared to healthy person. According to their study, serum galectin-3 is not likely to be involved in skin injury in a patient with SLE but can be a biomarker for measuring the activity of the SLE disease. It is mentioned in the journal that Galectin-3

Tumors are one of the most feared diseases of our time. Many people upon hearing the word “tumor” immediately resonate to the conclusion of it being cancer, which is not necessarily true. Tumors fall into to two main types, benign and malignant. Although they are considerably different in tissue invasion, their nature that makes them distinct and symptoms, they are also quite similar in the way they recur in the same location, growth size and their health risks.

Yes 46 45.5 12 52.2 No 55 54.5 11 47.8 Tumor stage T1 6 5.9 1 4.3 T2 31 30.7 6 26.1 T3 40 39.6 11 47.8 T4 24 23.8 5 21.7 *Ki-67 Low 25 24.8 2 8.7 High 76 75.2 21 91.3 ER/PR status Negative 33 32.7 23 100 Positive 68 67.3 0 0 HER-2 Negative 77 76.2 23 100 Positive 24 23.8 0 0 LVI, lymphovascular invasion; ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptors type 2. *High Ki-67 expression was defined as ≥14% Figure 1.