Essay On Gene Expression In Bacteria

The author explains the basics of DNA by describing the simple part of it, “proteins are the molecules that do all of the work in every organism, from carrying oxygen, to building tissue, to copying DNA for the next generation” (Carroll 73). He also explained the four bases that are building blocks that are held together by strong bonds and are represented by the letters A, C, G and T. Scientist also learned that A and T always pair with each other as well as G and C, this helps them because if they know one strand of DNA they already know the second because of how the bases match up. The author states that scientists have found about 500 genes that exist in all forms of life, the author explains that these genes are “immortal”. These genes have endured millions of years of evolution and have not been mutated because they are essential for every organism to have; these genes can have important jobs such as decoding of the DNA and RNA and making

Every living thing is composed up of cells that contain DNA. The cells are specialized to its own function. It can carry the information needed to make up the body and hands.

A gene is a region of a nucleic acid that contains hereditary biological information. For all cells, the nucleic acid is double stranded DNA, and it provides information for synthesis of RNA, and into protein, which is then expressed as hereditary traits in human.

DNA is important to organisms because DNA carries hereditary information on to the next generation of cells during the process of replication. This is important for the health of an organism because when a cell divides because it becomes too large; it needs a copy of the genetic information in order to fulfill necessary processes in order to keep the organism alive.

Bacteria belongs to a group of organism that lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize proteins from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity are some key factors that start the process of synthesizing proteins in response to these key factors. Example. This paper will provide an explanation as to how bacteria decode the genetic information to produce

Inside each and every cell in your body is a strange chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA. DNA is a double-helix structure that is made up of billions of nucleotides. They are adenosine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, abbreviated A, T, C, and G, respectively. “The information content resides in those chemical bases arranged within the interior, where A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G” (Collins 6). These base pairs are lined up in a pattern as rungs on the DNA “ladder”. A gene is a section of base pairs in the strand of DNA. The smallest genes span about a few hundred base pairs, and the largest

Every living thing has it’s own genetic code, or DNA. DNA has a double helix structure and is made up of phosphates, sugars, carbons, nitrogen bases, hydrogen bonds, and phosphodiester bonds. The phosophodiester bonds in DNA are responsible for bonding the 3’ carbon

DNA is made up of genes, which are small portions of the DNA strand. Genes create cellular protein needed for the body to function. DNA not only creates cellular proteins, but also has the instructions for when and where they will be made. (Racenis 2)

Every person has his or her own unique sets of DNA. DNA is a molecule that holds the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of organisms. The DNA coding is needed to produce proteins. These proteins are needed to catalyze reactions for cell replication. Furthermore, multiple cells create different body systems in order to maintain homeostasis.

All cells in the body contain the same DNA sequence. Although all cells contain an identical DNA sequence, they all have different cell structures and functions. Each structure and function of the cell differs because the cell has specific use for or will only express certain genes. Genes in DNA are expressed when they are read and transcribed into RNA which then gets translated into proteins by ribosome structures. Proteins are used to determine a cells characteristics and functions. Inside of each cell the DNA as well as histones can be tagged by tiny chemicals that modify gene expression. These chemical tags have the responsibility that causes genes to be turned on or turned off. This causes genes to be expressed or silenced. The epigenome is a wrapped up package of DNA.

Gene- a piece of DNA that will carry the information it needs to make a specific protein.

All living organisms, from amoebas to humans, have a molecular code called DNA in their cells, which instruct the activities that keep the organism alive. DNA is made up of long, twisted strands of four molecular “letters” (A, T, G, and C), which pair up according to their complementary base pairs, and their order determines how proteins — the vital molecules that perform all the major tasks in our cells — are made. (Refer to Diagram 1 to help sum up the concept.)

The second part of the study was trying to determine the effects of UV rays in regards to prodigiosin production. When defined, evolution is a change over time with respect to S. marcescens and the change in its genetic components over time [Reviewed by Kelly]. Stemming from evolution, natural selection is often fostered by the addition of a selective pressure, and in this case it is the UV light. Selective pressures are created to put stress on the organism which in the end will determine which organisms survived and which did not. To begin the second part of our study, we began by exposing S. marcescens, using a germicidal lamp, to wavelengths of UV light between 260-270nm [Reviewed by Kelly]. Germicidal lamps reduce the microbial populations, giving us a more accurate reading. UV light is used to either induce growth or inhibit growth or kill bacteria by affecting the bacteria’s DNA structure in chromosomes that cause mutations in its gene sequence [5, 14].

It is very fascinating to think that nearly all species in life have a stored genetic information that can be passed on from generation to generation, and which controls and accounts for all the biological and phenotypic characteristics in those living organisms. Indeed, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a macromolecule that has the power of carrying the genetic information for all the proteins that make up an organism and controls their quantity of production. It is known to be located inside the nucleus in all eukaryotic cells, but lies in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells (1, 3).

The essential sources of functional variability among organisms are the changes that arise from mutations in their genes. Charles Darwin introduced the concept of evolution as a driving force for life through natural selection in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Sharing a common ancestor, all life on earth experienced natural selection as a “gradual process by which heritable biological traits become either more or less common in a population [2]”. About a century later, the cumulative work of biologists led to the understanding of the responsible chemical compounds of these hereditary traits. Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA carries almost all the genetic information of living things on Earth and is the molecular blue print for all known life (note: some viruses uses Ribonucleic acid RNA instead). The DNA is a linear sequence that exists in a complex structure that comprises two long stretches of nucleotides, which are twisted into a double helix. Each nucleotide could be one of four different chemical bases: guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), or cytosine (C). To produce any protein within a cell, each of three consecutive chemical bases, which represent a codon, are transcribed to RNA molecules and then translated into amino acid, the building blocks of any protein. Zucrenrkandl and Pauling [3] classified DNA as semantide molecules or information carriers, while RNA and amino acids were classified as secondary semantides, as a result of both the transcription and