Essay On Gram-Negative Bacteria

Esherichia coli also known as E. coli is a bacterium that lives in your gut. (1). it was founded by Theodore von Esherich in 1888. There are many people that can get the bacteria. Also there are thousands of strands of E.coli. Six E. coli O157 outbreaks were identified during 2007. Four of the outbreaks involved foodborne transmission. (Eshericha Coli). Six Minnesota cases and one Wisconsin case with the same or closely-related PFGE subtype of E. coli O157:H7, and an additional Minnesota case of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli that was not culture-confirmed, attended the Minnesota State Fair in August. All but one of the cases showed cattle or visited the cattle

There are three types of environments in which cells are located which include isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. In an isotonic environment, the amount of water and solute are the same both inside and outside of the cell. As water drifts into the a cell, the same amount flows out creating a balanced environment both inside and outside of the cell. When there is a high level of water on the outside of the cell and a high amount of solute inside the cell, water will be drawn inside of the cell creating a hypotonic solution. The increase in water inside the cell causes the cell to become engorged and erupt. In a

It is thought that acai’s phytochemicals can stop the process of carcinogenesis on a molecular level, killing off tumorous cells before they multiply,

Microorganisms are both beneficial and harmful. These microorganisms are important to humans because they play a role in the ecology of life, by decomposing wastes, both natural and man-made, such as creating nitrogen fertilizer at the root zones of certain crops. Other several pathogens that can cause serious harm, even immediate death due to the diseases or disease causing products they produce. Overall, microorganisms play an important role in life.

may help kill certain cancer cells and reduce the size of others. Evidence from one cell culture study

Earlier studies on mice have shown that the poison can specifically attack and destroy tumor cells.

Escherichia coli K12 is a well-studied gram-negative bacteria. First isolated from the human gut, is one of the most used in molecular studies, being the knowledge obtained from studies of E. coli possible to apply to other organisms (Burton and Kaguni, 1997). Some enzymes have a crucial role in the transcription control, the topoisomerases enzymes play an important role in the level of DNA supercoiling, an important property of DNA and chromatin (Gilbert and Allan, 2014). The supercoiling level is modified by a reaction that consists in the transient breakage of the DNA phosphodiester bonds and the movement of strands across the transient breaks (Tse-Dinh and Wang, 1986). In prokaryotes, these enzymes can be classified into two major groups, according to the mechanism of action. While the topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) generates negative supercoils into relaxed DNA and relax positively supercoiled DNA, the topoisomerase I relax negatively supercoiled DNA. It is important to equilibrate the superhelical state of the cellular DNA (Hirose and Matsumoto, 2000).

The effect of cell death invasion, or better known as apoptosis, on cancer cells is influenced by a couple of factors. The first factor is that flaxseed may influence tumors through both endocrine and nonendocrine mechanisms. It may also be influenced by the attribution to high concentrations of lignans and ALA. The second factor that effects apoptosis is when estrogen metabolism is affected by flaxseed and omega-3 fatty acids. Consuming, or not consuming flaxseed, leads estrogen into “good” or “bad” categories. Good estrogen, better known as 2-Hydroxyesterone, protects against cancer, where as bad estrogen, 16-Alpha-Hydroxyestrone, increases the risk of breast cancer (Thompson, 2005). Overall, flaxseed contains antioxidant properties

Cells were seeded into a 96-well culture plate at a density of 20,000 cells per well in 100 µL of culture medium. Following a 24 h incubation period, the test compounds were added at concentrations ranging from 0.0032 to 32,000 ng/ml and allowed to incubate at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 72 h. Following incubation, Cell Titer-Blue reagent (Promega Corporation) was added (20ul/well) and incubated for 2 h. Fluorescence was determined at 530/590 nm and converted to % cell viability versus control cells. All cytotoxicity values are calculated against a base-line value for each line that was generated from “mock-treatment” of the normal and tumor cell lines with media supplemented with all diluents used to prepare the chemotherapeutic compounds. For example, if the compounds were dissolved in DMSO and serial dilutions prepared in MEM to treat the cells, then the mock-treated cells were “treated” with the same serial dilutions of DMSO without added chemotherapeutic compound.

studied mice that were growing 48 different kinds of human cancers and treated them with the 12

Although PA is most abundant, EA has been shown in other studies to exhibit anticarcinogenic properties such as induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis as well as the inhabitation of tumor formation and growth particularly in animals. Studies show that consumption of phytochemical-rich diet reduces the risk of prostate cancer. With that being said, in this study there were several experiments done to show the correlation of how pomegranate in the form of POMx, PJ, PA and EA will help reduce the risk of getting prostate cancer by reducing the signaling of AR. Although studies have yet to find the mechanism of gene down regulation there have been several studies that show that the LNaCP-AR cell line is overexpressed which leads to prostate cancer. In this study the cells lines LNCaP and LNcAP-AR cell lines are closely examined. The main aim of this study is to show how pomegranate and its polyphenols can reduce the androgen receptors that are overexpressed to decrease the risk of prostate cancer and the tumor size of prostate cancer.

Moreover, oxysterols exert different effects when applied separately or in a mixture. For example, the mixture of 7β-HC and 25-HC had anti-apoptotic effects compared to the application of solely 7β-HC (Aupeix et al., 1995). Congruently with the cell-specific manner of oxysterols action, this effect was seen in U-937, but not in HC-60 monocytic cell lines and also in other studies (Biasi et al., 2004; Larsson et al., 2006). Therefore, studies on dietary-representative combination of oxysterols would be more informative (Biasi et al., 2013).

Malignancies are closely related to weaknesses in the immune system. When the immune system is weak it is not able to destroy the cancerous cells in the body and they continue to grow out of control and eventually terminating with the death of the host. For all its immune-strengthening properties, colostrum is an important agent in the fight against cancer and it also contains an antioxidant molecule called phytic acid that blocks the supply of nourishing iron molecules to the malignant cells4. Studies have shown that a peptide molecule called lactoferrin that is present in high concentration in colostrum elicit strong anti-cancer reaction both in humans and animals. Tsuda et al. carried out an experiment where bovine lactoferrin was administered orally to laboratory rats suffering from different types of malignancies. The results showed a remarkable inhibition of the cancer cell growth even when external carcinogens were further added5. Xu et al. observed that due to high affinity of lactoferrin towards Fe (+3) ions, it has the capacity to show strong anti-cancer properties. In their study the researchers exposed human stomach cancer cell lines to lactoferrin for up to 48 hours and observed appreciable levels of apoptosis of cancer cells6. Another study carried out by Tung et al. focussed on the efficacy of

Pathogenic L. monocytogenes go through an intracellular life cycle involving early escape from the phagocytic vacuole, rapid intracytoplasmic multiplication, bacterially induced actin-based motility, and direct spread to neighboring cells, in which they reinitiate the cycle. The bacterium is first phagocytosed by these cells and secretes a pore-forming toxin called listeriolysin, which allows the bacterium to escape from the phagosome. All virulent strains of L. monocytogenes synthesize and secrete listeriolysin. Phospholipase A and B are other virulence factors that facilitate escape of L. monocytogenes from the phagosome. Once out of the phagosome L. monocytogenes is capable of rapid division in the cytoplasm, evading the immune response and moving throughout the cytoplasm from cell to cell. L. monocytogenes is well known for its ability to propel itself like a rocket through the cell cytoplasm. This is the result of the bacterium’s ability to polymerize actin filaments at its tail end. Actin is arranged in subunits to form microfilaments that are capable of directing cell movement. L. monocytogenes accomplishes cell motility through a virulence factor called ActA that takes advantage of normal actin polymerization going on in the cell. The ActA protein shares sequence homology with a protein called WASP that is found in virtually all eukaryotic cells. WASP is responsible for recognizing and

S. pneumoniae has some distinct virulence factors, which are proteins/enzymes that are expressed on the surface of gram-positive organisms. They are also the main contributors to the pathogenic character of the bacterium and its survival against the host defense mechanisms. According to Poll et al. (2009) virulence factors should be used in array, in order to be successful in coordinating ways for the tissue invasion. Some of the most important virulence properties are the adherence factors, genes responsible for invasion, some heavy-metal transporters, evasion the immune system of the host, production of pneumolysin and bacteriocin, quorum sensing and formation of biofilms. Some centuries ago, S. pneumoniae’s polysaccharide capsule was considered to be the primary virulence factor, due to the fact that the capsule is crucial for colonization, invasion and dissemination from the respiratory tract. This capsule is negatively charged and hence inhibits the