Essay On Human African Trypanosomiasis

In the early 1940’s, a new technology emerged that was able to successfully combat crop-damaging and disease-carrying insects. A new age of synthetic chemical pesticides use arose. After their impressive success in fighting deadly insect-borne diseases during World War II, pesticides were used widely to combat insect pests for agriculture and public health. Few people challenged the benefits of the new scientific and technological products and many embraced pesticide use with enthusiasm. Despite its success, doubts about pesticide use began to appear a decade later in the 1950’s, when the government began a vigorous pesticide campaign across the country against insect pests. Scientists began reporting heavy losses of avian and

One of the devastating diseases that was carried to East Africa was sleeping sickness (Ransford 111). The tsetse fly carries the sleeping sickness parasite, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and transmits it through its bite (African Trypanosomiasis). The isolated tribe’s total lack of immunity and the eastern migratory shift increased both the severity and rapidity of this disease for Eastern African regions. For example, the decline in the population of Lukolela from less than 6,000 in 1891 to only a little more than 700 in 1896, is due to this type of disease transference (Ransford 128).

According to the CDC (2015), this virus is mainly spread from infected mosquito bites particularly from Culex tritaeniorhynchu. Humans are not part of the transmission cycle; however, pigs and birds are part of the cycle. Therefore, there is increased risk to people who live in close proximity to these

The Africans called it ‘the sickness from above’ or ‘the sickness of heaven’ because the terrifying disease seemed to come from no familiar source. One traveler to the Congo came on a deserted town where a fifteen-foot boa constrictor was dining on smallpox victims' flesh... Sleeping sickness also spread lethally up the rivers. Half a million Congolese were estimated to have died of it in 1901 alone. The disease is caused by a parasite first spread by the bite of the pink-striped tsetse fly, about the size of a horsefly, with a distinctive high-pitched buzz.

A. The flies in the rural boxes were devoured by its predator (Spalangia), these small wasps, lay eggs into immature fly pupae after hatching, the wasp larvae feeds on the developing fly, killing it. This study suggests that stable flies are vulnerable out in the rural pastures rather than inside the feed lots where

Deadly insects are abundant in africa and kill people daily. The tsetse fly can cause sleeping

Finally, the author asserts that applying chemical pesticides is increasing in sake control agricultural pests, likely we envisage water and food chain contaminants, consequently. This issue is considered as the last point of support that the birds’ species populations have been lessening in the United States due to developing in human population which lead to using more agricultural activities and chemical pesticides. The lecturer, though, cast doubt on the reading by pointing out that today the traditional pesticides are replaced by new and less detrimental effects ones. Besides this, the more resistant crops against pests are performed; ultimately, the harmfulness of agricultural activities have

Discovered in 1909 by Carlos Chagas, Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, affects an estimated 8 million individuals annually according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The number of individuals affected by this disease annually makes it a significant, yet preventable, problem. As a chronic parasitic infection, the disease is transmitted by insects and most commonly found in impoverished regions of Latin America, as well as the rest of the Americas. The purpose of this report is to explain the biology of this disease as well as its epidemiology and prevention strategies.

On December 26, 2013, in a small village in Guinea, a anomalous disease began spreading. An 18-month-old boy fell victim to the illness characterized by fever, black stools, and vomiting and would soon die from it. The boy is said to have contracted the disease from infected bats that were closer to human settlements due to deforestation. By January 2014, several members of the boy’s family and those who had helped them had developed similar symptoms resulting in death. Soon after, the disease had spread to those who had attended funerals or took care of ill relatives causing this pattern of exposure continued. An alert on January 24th was raised when the head of the Meliandou health post informed district health officials of cases of severe diarrhoea with a fatal outcome. An investigation was setup where a team of health officials found what

Mexico is one of the 21 Latin American countries where Chagas disease is found endemic and will be the purpose of this analysis. This country is ranked number three in terms of number of infected individuals with Chagas disease in the Western Hemisphere, where 99% of the cases are present (Bern 2011). Also, according to Carabarin-Lima (2013), 96% of the transmission of Chagas in Mexico is vector borne and the greatest percentage of the triatomine bugs is present in rural areas. According to Tonantzin (2013), it is estimated that one million people suffer from Chagas in Mexico, while the population at risk is 5.5 million people (Carabarin-Lima, 2013).

Black fly is the best known medically important insect, which belongs to a genus of Simulium, family of Simuliidae and the order of Diptera. Many species of female black flies are blood-sucking habit and they transmit the parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus, the causative organism of human onchocerciasis (river blindness) (Anbalagan et al., 2014a). It is commonly found in tropical Africa, Central America, South America and Yemen, where 30 million people are infected. Moreover, female blackfly bites may become itchy and swollen in human body for a number of days. In sensitized individuals reaction to black fly saliva injected at the feeding site may cause a syndrome known as “black fly fever” that consists of headaches, fever, nausea, and/or inflammation of nymph nodes (Harwood and James, 1979).

Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and about 7 million of people are infected in the endemic area of Latin America. Was discovered in 1909 by the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, and the infection occurs mainly by contact with de feces or urine of infected triatomine bugs, but there are other infection routes such as: congenital, transfusions, transplants and contaminated food. The Chagas disease has two stages, an acute and a chronic phase, in the acute stage the parasite can be found in the circulating blood and may be mild or asymptomatic. In the chronic phase, the parasites are in the heart and digestive muscles, most of infected people never develop Chagas-related, but a parcel of the infected suffer

Human African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the tsetse fly. The main symptom, disruption of the sleep-wake cycle, occurs in the second stage of the disease. For this symptom, the disease is also called “sleeping sickness”. Mainly, it is prevalent in the Sub-Saharan African region. According to the World Health Organization, there are two types of the sleeping sickness. There is West African trypanosomiasis which is caused by the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense parasite, as well as East African trypanosomiasis caused by the Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense parasite (University of Chicago Medicine, 2015). West African trypanosomiasis occurs in over 98% of cases of sleeping sickness (WHO, 2015). East African trypanosomiasis is considered and acute disease, lasting only a few weeks, while West African sleeping sickness is chronic, lasting many years.

American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease was discovered by the Brazilian physician Carlos R. J. Chagas in 1909. Chagas disease is caused by the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which is mostly transmitted during a meal blood of blood‑sucking triatomine insects (kissing bugs). Triatomine insects have wide variety of hosts such as skunks, dogs, cats, armadillos, goats, sheep, which serve as a reservoir of the disease (Nouvellet et al. 2013). Inside of the triatomine insects occurs the

Not only are humans threatened by viral and bacterial infections, there are various parasites that also invade the human body. Parasitic infections are common in underdeveloped countries and are a prominent threat in rural areas. Though parasitic infections are known to happen in well-developed countries such as the United States. Contaminated water supplies, contact with infected animals, and improperly stored and cooked food can lead to parasitic infections. Parasites like tapeworms, protozoa, flukes, and nematodes can infect humans, causing serious health issues. These parasites enter through various parts of the body, and then live and reproduce in certain organs. Though there are many points of entry into the human body, most parasites enter