Essay On Immunocytochemistry

Please answer these questions then place them in the drop box for this lab. Use Microsoft word if possible.

The primary purpose of the lab was to test and observe the effects of the process of osmosis on decalcified eggs. Before the process, the initial weights of the eggs were taken and noted. Two eggs were then immersed in a deionized water solution. The same was repeated to the other two solutions of 20% and 40% sucrose. The weights of the eggs were measured after 15 minutes to note the change in mass due to osmosis and again after 60 minutes to take the final measurement. Overall, while some human error might arise in the weighing process, care was taken in handling the eggs and during the weighing process. As such, it was found that the eggs behaved as predicted. It was found that the eggs placed in the hypertonic solution lost

3. Explain your prediction for the effect Na+ Cl- might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Red and white blood cells are the two types of blood cells in the human body. Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body which is transferred through the bloodstream. It moves oxygen into the body and then removes it. They are absorbed through its haemoglobin.

3. State the name and structure of the functional group for each type of biologically

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons rather than molecules is classified as a Redox reaction. A reaction involving the loss of electrons is called Oxidation, and a reaction involving the gain of electrons is called Reduction. Oxidation and Reduction always occur together, as one reactant loses electrons, and the other gains them. This exchange often effects the physical states of molecules, as their solubility is changed with their charge.

1. Describe the function of the following pieces of safety equipment and how each might be used: (10 points)

gluconeogenesis slow down in which release of glucose to the blood stream is also slowed down

Hydrolysis of starch for fungal amylase Aspergillus Oryzae and bacterial amylase Bacillus Licheniformis at different temperatures.

Semen is composed of sperm and secretions from three exocrine glands-the seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and the prostate gland. 3. Seminiferous tubules are located in the testes- the vas deferens is not; there is more than one seminiferous tubule-there is only one vas deferens; seminiferous tubules have meiotic cells in their walls-the vas deferens does not; and the vas deferens has abundant smooth muscle cells in its wall-seminiferous tubules do not. 4. The sperm’s flagellum enables it to swim to an egg, and its head contains digestive enzymes that help it penetrate the egg’s outer layers.

The Journey of a red blood cell begins inside the bone, where the blood cell is made which is the bone marrow. The red blood cells travel around the body within capillaries. Then the deoxygenated red blood cell makes its way to the heart in the vena cava. After the blood cell has made its way through the heart the right atrium (the cell enters the right atrium first) contracts and pushes the blood cell through the tricuspid and into the right ventricle (the parts where the blood cell enters second which is located in the bottom right corner of the heart.) Next the right ventricle again contracts and pushes the blood cell out of the heart through the semi lunar (the section of the heart where the cell enters third). Then finally the deoxygenated

Cells are some of the smallest organisms around. All living things consist of cells, and yet they are invisible to the naked eye. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells are made up of many different parts which allow them to function properly.

4.14. The accuracy of the data is dependent on the correct controls being in place, Ensuring temperate stays the same throughout all solutions, making sure that the solutions are correct that the weight and size of the eggs are the measured correctly and that when the eggs are removed they are removed at the same time. Some of the eggs were not completely submerged in the solution this may cause some errors in the experiment and may have caused varying results. The eggs were of different sizes this also will cause the results to vary, Gathering eggs of exact size and weight would have ensured the results were correct. The eggs may not have been dried enough also causing results to vary; this can be fixed by ensuring that the eggs are thoroughly dried. The eggs were taken out at a time around about 24 hours, having an exact time to remove the eggs would have eliminated errors.

The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by "memory cells". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. so basically killer T cells will identify antigens present on foreign cells. These antigens are not found in any of the cells inside our body. So T cells will identify them and kill them.

The history of immunostaining methods began when Marrack produced reagents against typhus and cholera microorganisms, using a red stain conjugated to benzidin tetraedro (1) However, Professor Albert H. Coons from Harvard School of Medicine first introduces immunofluorescence. Coons initial attempts to label antibodies were unsuccessful as the labels were not visible enough under the microscope. In the early nineteen forties Coons, Creech, Jones and Berliner succeeded in tagging antibodies (2). These antibodies were used to detect foreign antigens in tissues. This involved using a single fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled anti-pneumococcal antibody to find pneumococcal antigens in mice injected with large numbers of pneumococci (1).