Essay On Lncrnas

I will perform whole transcriptome RNA-seq and comparative expression analysis on wild-type, susceptible, tumorigenic and metastatic cell populations. I expect to identify tumor specific expression patterns that reflect an enrichment of ncRNAs emanating from the pericentromeric region of chromosome 5 in the tumor and the metastasis compared to the wild type

Risk-dependent lncRNAs transcripts significantly recaptured both neural tube-specific enhancers that were validated in-vivo and the neuroblastoma-susceptibility variations that were found by GWASs.

HNSCC often developed within pre-neoplastic fields of genetically-altered cells with different degrees of OED. The presence of OED in OPMLs was generally accepted as one of the most reliable predictors of malignant development [15], however, histopathologic diagnosis was subjective and lacked sensitivity. No approval was reported on which dysplastic features were important in predicting progression. In addition, there was both inter- and intra-observer variation in illustrating the degree of epithelial dysplasia[5].Thus, several studies have been administered to identify objective molecular biomarkers to diagnose and prognose OED using different types of markers such as loss of heterozygosity, DNA ploidy, telomerase activity, methylation,

Conclusions: These data suggest that a large group of miRNAs is expressed in PK-15 cells and that some miRNAs were

However, the mechanism regulating the migration of mature ecRNAs into the cytoplasm remains unclear. The linear counterparts of circRNAs, such as mRNAs or lncRNAs, can penetrate the nuclear membrane through the nuclear pore complex. Therefore, some researchers put forward the hypothesis that ecRNA export may be regulated by a mechanism similar to the regulatory mechanism of linear RNA migration [18]. The degradation pathway of circRNAs is another unanswered question. The expression level of circRNA is dynamically modulated by the balance between biogenesis and degradation of circRNAs. CircRNAs may be degraded by short interfering RNAs [13]. A recent study found that circRNAs may be cleared by extracellular vesicles or microvesicle release in mammalian cells [43]. However, this conclusion is based on an in vitro study. Whether circRNAs are degraded in vivo by a similar mechanism still needs further

Extracellular mRNA and lncRNAs whose expression is increased or reduced specifically as the result of gene disruption (cin1, loss of virulence) and isoform mutation (CIN1-S, enhanced CNS survival) will be selected and subject to both gene-disruption and overexpression analysis. We plan to select and examine ten promising mRNA and ten promising lncRNA candidates for each pairwise setting (cin1 vs. WT, CIN1S vs. WT, and cin1 vs. CIN1S) based on the similar criteria as of aim 2d: 1) multiple genes in the same pathway; 2)

Lee et al cultured two strains of OSCC cells, SAS cells treated by AG1478 (inhibitor of EGFR) and OECM1 cells treated with EGF (activator of EGFR). While the SAS cells showed decrease in nuclear β catenin with increase in membranous β catenin, OECM1 cells showed increased amount of nuclear β catenin overtime. This showed that EGFR plays a vital role in Wnt signalling influencing the stabilisation and nuclear accumulation of β catenin. They also showed that histone markers effect the expression on target gene, cyclin D1. These ultimately lead to the progression of oral cancer. (Lee et al, 2010). c‑myc was among the first oncogenes found to be amplified in breast cancer, and it can contribute to many other forms of cancer

1a. To select sRNA, mRNA, and lncRNA unique to Cn but not present in mammalian hosts.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression in plants and animals (Brennecke et al, 2005). They consist of approximately 20 to 24 nucleotides of RNA. One process by which miRNAs inhibit gene expression occurs through translational repression (Gu and Kay, 2010). Further to translational repression, endonuclease cleavage can also help repression to occur. According to Cheng et al (2015) ‘dysregulated microRNA expression is correlated with many human diseases’. This suggests that miRNAs can be used as a biomarker for cancer and some diseases such as Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). This is one of the reasons why the scientific community is interested in studying these molecules.

Studies of human and mouse transcriptomes show that protein-coding sequences comprise only a small portion of a genome that is transcribed (Bertone et al.,2004; The ENCODE Project Consortium, 2007; Cheng et al., 2005; Kapranov et al.,2007). RNA has a significant role in gene expression: thousands of noncoding (nc) microRNAs target mRNAs to prohibit expression in about 30 percent of protein coding-genes (Berizilov and Plasterk, 2005). There are many more ncRNAs that are classified as either long or short, some of which have been linked to specific functions. Kim et al. (2010) found that ncRNAs can be directly transcribed from transcriptional enhancer elements. Human cells display significant activity using

On the evolutionary scale biological complexity is heavily increased, without any significant change in the number of protein coding genes whereas non-coding portion of the genome has substantially undergone change. It is now well accepted fact that on increasing evolutionary levels, majority of the genome gives rise to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that led to the increased biological complexity. By halting the central dogma – the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein, ncRNAs have gained central attention. Recent advancement in the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology allowed discovery of several classes of ncRNAs. lncRNAs are the largest class of ncRNAs, by convention longer than 200 nucleotides in length.

In recent years, the next-generation sequencing technology have been used as an powerfull tool by researchers to study cancer data, including cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. This technology enabled researchers to investigate all human genome transcripts, including non-coding versions. Recent investigations have revealed the association of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs and lncRNAs, with cancer pathogenesis, prognosis, survival rate and uses of these ncRNAs as cancer biomarker[22-25].

Building off of the work conducted by the Human Genome Project to sequence the entire human genome, the ENCODE Project seeks to delineate the function of the elements identified within the project. Through the collaboration of many different institutions, scientists, and laboratories, the ENCODE Project has been able to identify and assign functions to numerous, including previously unstudied, elements within the genome and further genome-wide understanding beyond just that of protein-coding sequences. Utilizing different biological assays, scientists systematically mapped areas of transcription, chromatin structure, histone modification, and transcription factor association (ENCODE Project Consortium 2012).

RNAs were extracted from OLs or cerebral cortex of P2 ICR mice using the miRNAeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN Inc. Valencia, CA). Concentration of RNAs from each sample was determined using NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific). Equal amount of RNAs were then used as template to transcribe cDNA using a High capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Life Technologies).

A novel single-cell universal poly (A)-independent RNA sequencing (SUPeR-seq) technology has been used for deep sequencing of mouse pre-implantation embryos [76]. A total of 2,891 circRNAs from 1,316 host genes were detected in mouse oocytes and early embryos (from zygotes to blastocysts). Most circRNAs, with a length of less than 2kb, are derived from internal exons in the same host gene. Moreover, about 91% of circRNAs consist of multiple exons [76]. Different from what has been reported in amphibian [74], the expression pattern of these circRNAs shows a typically developmental stage-specific feature. Additionally, the gene ontology analytical data of the host genes producing these circRNAs srevealed that the circRNAs presented in early embryos of mice are potentially responsible for chromosome organization, cell division, and DNA repair [76].