Essay On Motor Impairments In Individuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is classified as a syndrome that is comprised of a variety of behaviors that often arises in early childhood and is characterized by extremely high levels of motor activity, difficulties with attention span and concentrating, and/or impulsive behaviors (Cook & Cash, 2011). It has been estimated in the United States that approximately 20% of children and adolescents display signs of a psychological or behavioral disorder according to Luthy, David, Macintosh, Eden, and Beckstrand (2015). ADHD is considered one of the more prevalent psychological disorders in children, with approximately 3-7% of school-age children with an ADHD diagnosis as mentioned by Luthy et al. (2015).

These symptoms might represent expressions of internalized conflict or unmet emotional or educational needs that differ from child to child. Each child ideally should have a full medical, educational, and psychologic or psychiatric evaluation, prior to drugs being introduced and giving to the child. There isn’t a neuropsychological test result is that shows someone has ADHD, and no genetic indicator has been steadily recognized, and heritability studies are confounded by household environmental aspects. Furman concluded t after careful review of the evidence obtainable; it is not obvious that ADHD is either a disease or a neurobehavioral condition. ADHD is an assortment of symptoms, namely, inattention, impulsivity, and over activity, that overlay with other major and minor mental health

and conduct and learning disorders” (Jackson 2725). Testing for ADHD for a child is a long, difficult, and frustrating process. The caregivers go through a battery of questionnaires, insurance hurdles, and serious behavior battles. ADHD is becoming more recognized as a legitimate issue and testing of treatments have gone underway, but do vary from physician to physician. Research shows that “ There is a growing professional acknowledgment that ADHD is a neurophysiologically based self-control disorder, However, the diagnostic and treatment approaches are controversial and vary considerably across professionals” (Magyary 554). There is a plethora of information about ADHD, and the treatments available. Studies agree that it is a fast growing epidemic, that has received the most funding for research for psychiatric

The evaluation of ADHD from a clinician standpoint is that ADHD is a disorder. ADHD stands for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Disorders occur from childhood to adulthood and with treatments for daily interactions, improvement of ADHD symptoms occur as a child ages and reaches adulthood. Disorders evaluated, by the following persons; behavioral neurologist, psychiatrist, clinical or educational psychologist, nurse practitioner, or clinical social worker. Genetics linked to ADHD, with additional research and study of other possible causes and risk factors, which may cause concern is publicized. Researchers suggest, that ADHD runs in families because of genetics or external factors due to smoking or

Another developing concern in regard to the prevalence of ADHD is that there is a growing shifts in the onset span and in the population currently diagnosed with ADHD. A clinical practice guideline published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (2011) reported the expansion of the age range in regard to diagnosis and treatment of ADHD from 6 through 12 years of age to 4 through 18 years of age. More recent studies substantiated that a majority of ADHD cases persists well into adulthood in spite of the widespread recognition of this neurodevelopmental disorder’s onset for which it only occurs in childhood and adolescent years (Simon, Czobor, Balint, Meszaros, & Bitter, 2009). Furthermore, some adults are diagnosed with ADHD without having been diagnosed previously (National Resource Center on ADHD, 2013). Moreover, Asherson et al. (2012) raised a crucial argument in their research that adults with ADHD likely underestimate or ignore the influence brought by the disorder and attempt to compensate for or rationalize the deficiencies by adapting lifestyle that works for them. Thus, it is likely that the current prevalence of ADHD in adults is underreported. Essentially, it indicates that ADHD is a life-long neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder attributed to a sophisticated combination of genetic and environment components.

Early research indicates that children who suffer from this disorder often exhibit brain differences from their “normal” counterparts. One longitudinal study that followed children with ADHD over a ten year period discovered many of these differences. Researchers noted that children who were diagnosed with ADHD seemed to have brains that were 3-4% smaller than their counterparts (Chaban & Tannock, 2009). Areas that were seen to be smaller were those that were involved in the processes of concentration, inhibition, impulse control, and motor activity (Chaban & Tannock, 2009).

Adult ADHD may be difficult to identify because of the wide range of severity impairments, and because it can resemble or coexist with many other mental health

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder that emerges during childhood but often results in symptoms that persist into adulthood. Psychologists specifically define it as, “a developmental disorder characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention” (J. Tarver, 2014). Children with ADHD can be described as having great difficulty paying attention, difficulty controlling their behavior and displaying excessive motor activity (Meyers & Berk, 2016). Most of these behaviors can be typical of children at one point or another, but for a child with ADHD it is common for these symptoms to be constant and cause interference at school, home or with friends. This

ADHD is one of the most common childhood disorders which can continue on to adulthood. Having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is so frequent in children that at least one child with it is present in every classroom (Anderson, 2012). Some of the signs that go with ADHD include inattention, impulsivity, and also excessive motor activity resulting in academic and social difficulties. In this paper I will be addressing a little more about ADHD and the causes, I will focus on some symptoms, and lastly list a couple of treatments that are used to help better the disorder.

The study includes one hundred filthy two adults, eighty-eight adults with ADHD and sixty-four healthy adults. The adults with ADHD were part of a program that

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood disorder that can be treated. ADHD is a hereditary condition. It is unknown exactly how it is passed although it has to do with the chemicals in the brain. ADHD often occurs along with other behavior disorders like Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD). There are no special tests to determine whether or not a child has ADHD (Wender, 2001, p. 6). Diagnosis of ADHD is based on interviews and rating scales. There are three subtypes of ADHD they are; inattentive type; hyperactive-impulsive type and the combined type (Wender, 2001, p. 7). To diagnosis ADHD, doctors follow the standards set forth by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,

According to Psychology & Mosko (2007, p. 7), neuroimaging techniques have enabled researchers to discover discriminating patterns in the neuroanatomical function and structure in the brains of ADHD patients. The neurobiological aspect of the research has mostly focused on studying the fronto-striatal system, which controls responses to environmental stimuli. The fronto-striatal system is comprised of a complex cortical and subcortical nuclei matrix and performs the functions of controlling attention and processing speed of stimuli that elicits behavioural response. According to Psychology & Mosko (2007), the findings of the neuroimaging studies related to ADHD have concluded that people affected by the disorder consistently exhibit abnormal basal ganglia, frontal lobes, cerebella, and corpus callosa (p.7).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is more documented in today’s medical journals, than ever recorded in past years. It is one of the most common disorders among children in today’s youth. Rana Parekh from the American Psychiatric Association (2017) states that “An estimated 5 percent of children and 2.5 percent of adults have ADHD” proving that it is more prevalent in children than adults. ADHD is a condition more recognized now than ever before, characterized by symptoms in which the brain has difficulty keeping on task due to intermittent hyperactivity spurts and inattention. Hyperactivity is the inability for one to be able to sit still while feeling as though they are

Diagnosing ADHD can be a difficult task because of the variance of symptoms and behaviors. “What often makes an attention deficit so complex is that two-thirds of student with a disorder have at least one other coexisting condition such as learning disabilities, anxiety, or depression (Zeigler Dendy, 2000, p1).” One key identifier is a “two to four year lag of age appropriate developmental skills (Zeigler Dendy, 2002, p3).” Other symptoms and behaviors that may be an indicator of ADHD include disorganization, forgetfulness, impaired sense of time, variability in school work, sleep disturbances, inability to learn from either punishment or rewards, and also the inability to adapt easily to change (Zeigler Dendy, 2000).

The purpose of this research was to describe and understand Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the most effective treatment options that are available today. ADHD is a mental health disorder that affects 3-9% of the population in ways that, if left untreated, can wreak havoc on the mind of the sufferer. It makes concentration difficult, large tasks seem insurmountable, and causes impulsive and hyperactive tendencies. Fortunately, research and experiments have led to new and effective treatments to help those who suffer from this disorder (Dupaul 8). This research examined journal articles and internet sources on the topic to help unlock the complexities of the disorder through scientific research. It also was a way to