Essay On Mscs

The recovery period after large scale injuries could be shortened. The effects are analyzed in an article that states, “True healing could occur thanks to the cloning of their own cells to help the recovery process” (“Pros and Cons” 5). Basically, the process of cloning healthy cells could be used as an aid in replenishing damage of unhealthy cells. This process, if it were to be actualized, could help recovery progress in anything from pulled muscles to the paralysis of an entire limb. In theory, the same research can be applied in other areas. If this technology is paired with stem cell research, it could result in a method of repairing physical damage. An article that focused on advances in biotechnology stated that “Another use of cloned stem cells could be the growth of replacement tissues in the laboratory” (LaPensee 15). Necrosis, apoptosis, and lymphocyte diapedesis all cause tissue damage or death. These tissues could be replaced by cloned cells of healthy tissues. This shortens recovery periods and leads to healthier tissue growth.

Michael Longaker’s interests lie at the intersection of wound/bone regeneration and stem cell biology. In the Peripheral Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Candidate Cells Responsible for Healing Critical-Sized Calvarial Bone Defects, the efficacy of peripheral blood (PB) for use in regenerative medicine is significant, with its retrieval viewed as relatively easy. Experiments such as bone regeneration were carried out with the use of PB stem cells. The paper finds that through a specific coculturing process mesenchymal cells can be derived from PB (CD34+) which happen to be choice candidates for quicker bone healing and re-calcification in bone defects (Li). The key discoveries here are the identification of easily retrievable source of stem cells, which help give rise, under a specific culturing protocol, to a specific group of non-hematopoietic cells. This is directly in line with Dr. Longaker’s research as he investigates the possible uses of regenerative medicine in skeletal regeneration. Here we are provided an example of how these CD45- cells can be utilized for treatment of bone defects as it facilitations bone formation and osteogenesis. What should be asked here is how viable is this form of treatment. There is a lot of discussion surrounding the necessary conditions to produce these BD-MSCs and how it is very condition dependent. It would have been preferable to know the amount of time and the amount of cells required to see efficient

In a study done by Emadedin et al. in 2012, they injected MSC from each respective patients bone marrow, into six female volunteers with evidence of knee OA that was severe enough to require joint replacement surgery. The authors described a detailed, meticulous procedure in how they obtained the MSC from the patient’s bone marrow, and made it into the cells they needed for the procedure. They injected the patient’s affected knee joints with the stem cells and followed up with them in one year. At the one year mark, Emadedin et al. (2012) found that overall, the study was successful in decreasing pain and increasing the patients walking distance for the first 6 months. However, they discovered that 3 of the

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are abundant in various tissues such as umbilical cord, adipose tissue, bone marrow and the liver. Previous research has demonstrated that the intradermal injection of umbilical cord-derived MSCs do not trigger an allergic reaction and hence the limited capacity of UCMSCs. In another study by Mao et al., the intramuscular injection of hUCMSCs did not cause inflammation, effusion or ulceration at the points of injection (7). Moreover, the injection in rats did not alter the heart, kidney and liver function. The results from these studies portray intramuscular injection of hUCMSCs as a possible administration

Because of stem cells regenerative qualities, many scientists hypothesize that eventually we can use stem cells on a large scale to assist us to regenerate damaged tissue within the body especially when transitioning organ donations, or prosthetics into an individual, ultimately making it a safer practice.

By taking on new functions, they become helpful in regenerative and reparative medicine, where injected cells develop into the same type of cell as that in the desired region. Although in theory stem cells seem like a promising treatment, questions arise about the ethics, effectiveness and consistency of the procedure. Ethics question whether it is right to derive the stem cells from Humans. This is because the most common stem cells are those found in adults, and those derived from an embryo. Others question whether it is guaranteed to work every time. If the cells are injected and left to take specialized form, how can it be known that it will become the type of cell desired. To put these questions to rest, many studies have been done using spinal injuries in rats. These studies tested the effect of the timing of the injection, as well as tracked the development of these cells from injection to specialization. All in all; the effects of stem cell injections are most efficient when the timing and type of the injections are chosen precisely.

My master status would have to be a mother, because I constantly worked hard to be the best parent to my six-year-old autistic son who I would say give me the will-power to do the things I never thought I could have done before, for example, because of him I deciding to return back to school in order to meet the requirements of securing a better position in the working field or class, so that I can give him a better life than I had as a child. Furthermore, my master status of being a mother to my son can be challenging sometimes but despite those obstacles being mother thought me my strengths and weaknesses which in return helped me to make meaningful decision throughout my life.

Stem cells are of high interest due to the fact that, unlike other types of cells, they are able to multiply into a variety of different specialized cell types (Panno, 2010, p. xiv). When a stem cell divides, that newly created stem cell can either remain as is, or it can develop into a specific type of cell with a particular function (“Stem Cell Basics,” 2002). Stem cells can also regenerate indefinitely, and will continue to divide even in a laboratory environment, without sacrificing their distinctive characteristics (Bellomo, 2006, p. 7). These unique features have proven to be quite valuable, and the prospect of curing serious diseases through stem cell manipulation is predicted to be on the horizon (Panno, 2010, p. xv).

Mesenchymal stem cells are found in the bone marrow, fat, and possibly in other tissues and are responsible for rebuilding and regenerating the body. These stem cells help the body renew and heal itself. Mesenchymal stem cells are also able to differentiate into ligaments, tendons, and cartilage, and maintain a special role in the non-surgical treatment of osteoarthritis, treatment of chronic pain, and sports injuries.

Phagocytes secrete inflammatory molecules in response to chemicals released by damaged tissue cells, and activate B and T lymphocytes. These changes result in the activation and differentiation of MSCs into the injury site. Alongside inflammatory molecules, MSCs will then produce growth factors. These growth factors then activate endothelial cells and fibroblasts that enhance angiogenesis, inhibit leukocytes, and stimulate further stem cell differentiation. This secretion of growth factors may be the root of the regenerative abilities of MSCs, even if they do not differentiate. (Van de Walle,

“Through the isolation and manipulation of cells, scientists are finding ways to identify young, regenerating ones that can be used to replace damaged of dead cells in diseased organs. This therapy is similar to the process of organ transplant, only the treatment consists of the transplantation of cells rather than organs. The cells that have shown by far the most promise of supplying diseased organs with healthy cells are called stem cells.” (Chapter Preface)

Stem cells are unspecialized cells, which have the potential to develop into several different cell types—muscle cells, brain cells, skin cells, or red blood cells—during early development. Stem cells continuously divide in order to replace other cells. As stem cells divide, they have the potential to develop into a specialized cell or remain a stem cell. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) play an essential role in tissue regeneration, and can circumvent immune system concerns. There are a variety of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. However, the main focus of this paper will be the usage of induced pluripotent stem cells.

To increase the number of SCs to aid in repair, an in vitro derivation of SCs is proposed by Cai et al, by using bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells. BMSCs are multipotent cells that are capable of differentiating into

Unlike embryonic stem cells that are pluripotent, mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent, which means they are able to give rise to other cells, but are limited in their ability to differentiate. Though they are limited, they have “[...] demonstrated the great potential [...] for the prevention and treatment of steroid-resistant acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), immune-related disorders, and viral diseases” (Thanunchai, et al). Because of their great potential, MSCs can be used to treat viral diseases such as HIV. However, what comes with HIV are their side effects and the infections that it may cause. One of the most damaging effects of HIV is the risk of bone loss, osteoporosis. However “[...] PI-treated MSCs had a reduced proliferative capacity that worsened with increasing passages” (Hernandez-Vallejo, et al). Using MSCs as treatment for this risk has lowered the ability of osteoporosis to continue to grow and multiply in a patient who has HIV. Using these stem cells not only helps osteoporosis, but also organs in the body. Mesenchymal stem cells “[...] have been shown to increase intestinal barrier function, thus the transfused cells are likely to reduce microbial translocation in HIV-infected patients” (Allam, et al). MSCs has provided aid in not only treating aspects of HIV, but the conditions that may arise from it as well. They have helped patients

MSCs are a promising tool for cell therapy. They partly contribute to the repair of injured tissues, but they cannot effectively participate in tissue repairing because of their scarce number (e.g. 1 per 106 cells in bone marrow or 1 per 104 cells in umbilical cord) (6). Therefore, in vitro cultivation and expansion and increasing their number for therapeutic purposes is necessary. However, their characteristics and phenotypes may be affected after cultivation and proliferation, depending on factors such as age and donor conditions, cell separation techniques, culture media and supplements (8). Because of self renewality and the ability to differentiate into different lineages they are an extremely