Essay On Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

In the past years, there has been a major paradigm shift in the management of non-small cell lung cancer also known as (NSCLC). NSCLC should now be further sub-classified by histology and driver mutation if one is known or present. Translational research results now allow such mutations to be inhibited by either receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Whilst empirical chemotherapy with a platinum-doublet remains the gold standard for advanced NSCLC without a known driver mutation, targeted therapy is pushing the boundary to significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life. In this review, we will examine the major subtypes

nasopharyngeal cancer is not known but studies have shown that the disease is linked with

In addition, one can avoid some of the additional risk factors of HPV. The National Cancer Institute states that these include, “Smoking or chewing tobacco”, “Having a weakened immune system”, “Having many children”, ‘Long-term oral contraceptive use”, “Poor oral hygiene”, and “Chronic inflammation”(1). Overall, HPV can cause cancer, but there are steps one can take to avoid contracting the sexually transmitted disease and ultimately protecting themselves from getting a cancer associated with

From 1998 to 2003, the incidence rates for HPV-associated cancers of the tonsils and tongue increased 3.0% per year, while non-HPV cancers of the mouth and throat decreased during this time (Ramqvist and Dalianis, 2010).

In some bladder cancers, both the primary tumor and the metastases have been found to stain positive with a SV40 LTag antibody that cross-reacts with BKV Ltag [65]. However, a definitive causal role for BKV in malignancy is still lacking [64, 66, 67]. Nevertheless, BKV, together with JCV, have been classified as ‘possibly carcinogenic to humans’ (Group 2B) by a WHO International Agency for Cancer Research Monograph Working Group in 2012 [68]. In a recent study of serological responses to BKV, JCV and MCV in 1135 patients with bladder cancer and in 982-matched controls, the same seroprevalence but a significantly higher seroreactivity was found for BKV and MCV in cancer patients than controls, suggesting an association [69]. However, a possible explanation of this observation is that the patients with bladder cancer have more frequent BKV reactivation than controls. Also, the finding of Ltag in both primary and secondary tumor cells but not in adjacent non-neoplastic tissue may be due to actively growing cancer cells having enhanced BKV

Notwithstanding, cancer with high-risk HPV does not ensure a patient will create cervical tumor as most infection clear inside 1-year and a half, and there have been exceptionally uncommon occasions where ladies have created cervical tumors that are HPV-negative (Avrich et al., 2006). Cervical tumors can be resistant to usual courses of chemotherapy and those patients who do react positively to chemotherapy have cancer that can repeat (Alexander et al., 2005; Dreyer et al., 2005; Lindeque, 2005; Tewari and Monk, 2005).

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) type 6 or 11 is most common causative organism for benign epithelial tumors of the upper respiratory tract termed as papilloma1. Both adults and children can have this problem. Infants and children may present with wheezing, hoarseness, or stridor. In children between two to five years of age, the diagnosis is made by inspection of the larynx. The goals of treatment are debulking, improvement of the voice and remission of the papillomas2. Pediatric patients require multiple treatments, most commonly with the CO2 LASER.

Evidence for a causal involvement of HPV in the pathogenesis of OPSCC comes from epidemiologic and molecular studies. The earliest suggestion of a possible link between HPV and squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity (OSCC) was made by Syrjanen et al (1983) where the group observed that some of these tumours have morphological and immunohistochemical features indicative of HPV infection. 59 Subsequent studies have supported the predilection of the virus for oropharyngeal cancers. In two case series (1996 and 1997), 50% and 60% of tonsillar carcinomas were HPV positive, respectively, in comparison to 6% and 10% of tumours at other oral sites.60,61 Additionally, Gillison et al (2000) and Stransky et al (2011) confirmed that the only HNC subsite with a demonstrated carcinogenic role for HPV was the oropharynx.21,62

While evaluating the relationship between adenoid-cystic carcinoma (ACC), HPV, and p16 overexpression, Boland et al discovered two cases of high grade ACC that tested positive the presence of HPV 5. Subsequently, a total of 14 cases described by Bishop et al further characterized this oncologic variant, hinting at a better prognosis than adenoid-cystic carcinoma 1,6. Further, no cases to date have documented regional or distant metastasis and surgical management alone has proven sufficient in the past7. Still, the number of documented cases is considered too small with limited follow-up to determine the exact biological behavior of this

Due to the species-specificity of papillomavirus, no preclinical model is available to directly study HPV-associated infection and persistence. Recently, we have established a mouse papillomavirus (MmuPv1) oral infection model. Viral infection was detected at the human equivalent sites in the infected mice, and advanced dysplasia was identified in the infected tissues. This model holds the promise to mimic HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers.

Infections that are carcinogenic, such as Hepatitis C and HIV, all share similar characteristics. These hallmarks include their ability to induce persistent inflammation, which can lead to changes to immune cells, and their ability to suppress the immune response, which impedes the immune system’s ability to fight off cancerous cells. Another way some infections, especially viruses, can cause cancer is by directly changing the DNA of their host by inserting their own genomic material into cells. When this happens, innate cancer-fighting mechanisms, like apoptosis, can be hindered. This can lead to the uncontrolled

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the human viruses that people might not be aware that they have. HPV can be present within someone’s body but there may be no visual signs or symptoms. The reason why there may be no signs and symptoms is because the immune system can diminish HPV on its own since it can automatically sense it and clear it out of the body, this happens about 90% of the time. Vast majority of the people having human papillomavirus will be cleared out within two years and have no future problems. The Oral Cancer Foundation states that HPV might be present in human body for many years before it is detected or converted to something worst such as cancer (N. Sathish, 2014). However, there are cases when the HPV will stay

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has important and distinctive clinicopathological features in the field of head and neck pathology. The existence of a swelling in the upper half of the neck that occurs due to cervical lymph node enlargement should warn the physician to a possible nasopharyngeal carcinoma regardless of race or geographical location. Examination of the nasopharynx is essential and must be carried out with great care, using special equipment if necessary. Biopsy of the nasopharynx should be carried out in all suspected cases, even if no tumor is seen. In difficult cases, the diagnosis may be aided by special diagnostic techniques including serology and imaging. A careful planned diagnosis will avoid misdiagnosis. There is a high

They observed the presence of 6 HPV types in adenocarcinoma, and 15 HPV types in squamous cell carcinoma while noting that, apart from HPV 16 and HPV 18, HPV45 had the strongest association with squamous cell carcinoma. The same year saw the publication of the

The authors of this article, Gypsyamber D’S ouzaOral, Yuri Agrawal, Jane Halpern, Sacared Bodison and Maura Gillison believe that the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a reason for oropharyngeal cancer. Furthermore, they all check into it thoroughly to see whether sexual behaviors is the main cause for the high raise of the odds of oropharyngeal cancer advancing in a case control study that is similar to the raising odds of oral HPV infection developing among control patients. The human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was revealed in approximately four point eight percent of three hundred and thirty two control patients that were from an outpatient clinic and in two point nine percent of two hundred and ten men that are of college age