Essay On Neck Cancer

The brain is made up of millions upon millions of cells. These cells are formed from before birth, up until about 7 years old. Once these brain cells stop dividing, they are never meant to divide again. You can see that the division of brain cells is under strict regulation and control. When this control is lost in a single cell, then it starts dividing in an uncontrolled manner. All of the data obtained through research on cancer shows that this disease is caused by a rapidly dividing cell, with no regulators to stop it from dividing. As the cell makes more and more copies of itself, it grows to form a tumor. This is known as cancer.

This member is a 50-year-old male with Stage IV tonsil cancer diagnosed in April 2014 with metastases found in his lung and bone.

From personal experience, I have witnessed several family members undergo chemotherapy. Often their side effects of the treatment were worse than the disease itself. Effects, varying form person-to-person, ranged from nausea and

18. Which item would be most beneficial when providing oral care to a patient with metastatic cancer who is at risk for oral tissue injury secondary to chemotherapy?

Due to cancer including over 100 different diseases it can cause almost any type of symptom through both direct and indirect mechanisms. The American Cancer Society lists the following as general symptoms that if persist for a long period of time and worsen, might be indicative of the presence of cancer, unexplained weight loss, fever, fatigue, pain and skin changes such as itching, excessive hair growth, hyperpigmentation, jaundice and reddened skin. These symptoms, due to their wide variety, aren’t expected to solely lead to an individual diagnosis.

Of the 25 beneficiaries that received a single-fraction course of treatment, the most common site of primary diagnosis was lung (n=10; 55.6%), prostate (n=3; 16.7%) and kidney (n=2; 11.1%). The mean age was 74.5 years and gender was proportionate. The majority of patients were from the southeast region (n=12; 50%) of the US. Most beneficiaries were in the age group 76-85 (n=12; 50%), followed by 65-75 year olds (n =8; 33.3%).

Radiation is known to damage the parotid glands and surrounding tissues, resulting in various toxicities which can lead to a functional decline in swallowing. The current study examined the incidence, nature and severity of treatment-related toxicities in patients with PGC undergoing XRT and found a trend of acute toxicities and swallowing difficulties that deteriorated throughout the course of XRT and peaking at the end of the treatment. Whilst this pattern of toxicity presentation and recovery is similar to other HNC groups, the severity of toxicities presenting in this clinical group was much lower, with few patients having any persistent difficulties at 3 months post treatment. The current information can be used to develop models of

Radiation to the head and neck includes oral problems including mucositis, taste loss, loss of

Chemotherapy uses drugs that are designed to slow or stop the division of cancer cells. It targets cells that are in the process of dividing into two new cells and kills them, some drugs destroy the cell's control center and kills the cell, and some disrupts the chemical processes in cell division. Side effects of chemotherapy include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and low red blood cell numbers. Because chemotherapy kills rapidly dividing cells like cancer, other normal cells that divide rapidly are also killed. Hair, bone marrow, and skin cells are constantly dividing to grow more hair, produce red blood cells, and replace dead skin cells. Radiation therapy uses targeted energy like x rays or radioactive substances to kill or shrink tumors. There are three types of radiation therapy delivery methods. External beam radiation therapy uses an external machine that directs radiation onto cancer cells. Internal radiation therapy uses radioactive material that is placed directly or near a tumor with a catheter. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance that is swallowed or injected and travels through the bloodstream and locates and kills cancer cells. Side effects of radiation therapy depend on which part of the body the treatment is applied, some common general side effects are fatigue, and itching, blistering, or peeling of the skin. In the head and neck it can cause tooth decay, and mouth and gum sores, in the chest it can cause radiation pneumonitis, which causes a cough and fever, and radiation fibrosis, which is scarring of the lungs caused by untreated radiation pneumonitis. Radiation therapy causes side effects because high doses of radiation is applied to areas of the body which kill cancer cells, but also damages healthy cells near the treatment

Treatment plan could involve chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, or possibly surgery. The chemotherapy given to the patient will most likely be through an IV, but can possibly be taken by mouth. Though this form of treatment can be extremely helpful, it can also cause potential side effects such as loss of hair, fatigue, decreased immune system, or stomatitis. Radiation therapy may be used either alone, or in addition to chemotherapy. This method is usually done with a machine that delivers high-energy radiation from the outside of the body to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. This method is sometimes preferred, as it can target a small area of the body. Similar to chemotherapy, side effects may accompany radiation therapy. These can include: fatigue, sensitive skin, and various other problems to the area and surrounding areas that undergo

Laryngeal carcinoma is considered as the most common head and neck neoplasm diagnosed by the otolaryngologists (40% of patients had stage III or IV when first evaluated), while 98% have squamous cell carcinoma (the most common pathological type); in addition, the incidence of lymph node metastasis depends on the tumour stage (30% for T4 lesions).1

This paper will examine the cancer diagnosis and staging process, complications, and side effects of treatments. Methods that can be utilized to assist in lessening the physiological and psychological effects of cancer and treatments will also be explored.

Few initial symptoms are directly referable to NPC as neck mass, blood tinged sputum and/or rhinorrhea. Sometimes the tumor can present a variety of local, regional and distant signs and symptoms, such as nasal symptoms (nasal obstruction, and increasing nasal discharge), aural symptoms (tinnitus, stuffiness, and hearing loss), headache, facial pain or paresthesia ,diplopia and weight loss. (chlen et al ., 2010 )

Salivary gland tumors are a morphologically diverse group of neoplasms, which may present considerable diagnostic and management challenges for the pathologist and surgeon. Salivary gland tumors are rare with an overall incidence in the western world of about 2.5 to 3.0 per 100,000 per year. About 80% of all lesions are benign; hence salivary malignancies are particularly rare, comprising less than 0.5% of all malignancies and about 5% of cancers in the head and neck. (1)

Another problem that arises in head and neck patients is that of malnutrition and weight loss. They are particularly at risk of developing nutritional problems. Many patients with head and neck cancer have histories of high alcohol intake, tobacco use and poor dietary habits. Malnutrition often when alcohol is involved. Patients nutritional needs should be assessed and patients at high risk of