Essay On Oocyte Production And Quality

Reinberg, S. (2013, July 31). Plastics Chemical BPA May Harm Human Fertility. Retrieved April 11, 2017, from http://www.webmd.com/baby/news/20130731/plastics-chemical-bpa-may-harm-human-fertility-study#1

Whyatt, R. M., Rundle, A. G., Perzanowski, M. S., Just, A. C., Donohue, K. M., Calafat, A. M.. . Miller, R. L. (2014). Prenatal phthalate and early childhood bisphenol A exposures increase asthma risk in inner-city children. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 134(5), 1195-1197

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used to synthesize polycarbonates and epoxy resins for the manufacturing of products to which we are exposed in daily manners. BPA is considered a xenoestrogen because of its high affinity for estrogen receptors and related receptors, also, because it is known to have a disruptive effect on blastocyst implantation when ingested or injected in doses 10,000 times the effective dose of E2.

Phthalates are a group of chemicals that are used in hundreds of products. For example, phthalates are used in plastic products to make them more flexible, adhesives, raincoats, detergents, and cosmetics. They are also used in making carpets, vinyl flooring, blood-storage containers, IV tubing, and even some children’s toys. When ingested, phthalates are converted into metabolites (waste products) that pass from the body in urine. Though health effects from exposure to low-levels of phthalates is also unknown, some have been shown to have adverse effects on the reproductive system. A study done by Larsson, Weiss, Janson, Sundell, and Bornehag (2009) while researching development disorders and asthma in Sweden, accidentally uncovered a connection with vinyl floors and autism. Of the 4,779 children that were involved in the study, 72 were diagnosed with autism. One of the significant variables was that they had PVC flooring in their homes. During the 2003-2004 NHANES, urine samples were tested for phthalates. The CDC scientists measured 13 phthalate metabolites in the urine samples of 2,636 participants. This finding indicates that exposure to phthalates is widespread in the U.S., it also finds that adult women show higher levels of metabolites, most likely due to cosmetics, shampoos, perfumes, and other personal care items.

As mentioned above BPA, NP and DEHP have previously been shown to be ER agonists. In fish, gonad development and reproductive activity is associated with sex steroid hormones such as 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT, a non-aromatizable form of T). Hence environmental contaminants that interfere with steroid hormone receptors function and synthesis have a potential to impair endocrine control of reproductive functions. Therefore, a part of our study is directed toward the effect of these compounds on the reproductive system by investigating the expression of genes involved in reproduction, gonadal differentiation and steroidogenesis (Vtg, DMRT, estrogen receptor subtypes, AR, STAR, aromatase, LHR, FSHR, activin, follistatin) in gonad and hepatic

Physical exposure to toxicants has been associated with pregnancy loss and reproductive health issues. During 9/11 a toxic plume cloud containing soot, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons, heavy metals, pulverized glass, concrete, and alkaline particulates was released into the atmosphere along with already existing natural radiation. This increased the risk of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).(3) This study suggests that exposure to toxicants may affect intrauterine growth, but the effects are not consistent enough to fully prove this assumption due to the fact that these 446 women were also experiencing post-traumatic stress

BPA is short for a chemical called bisphenol A that is used in many household items that we use every day. It is in food and drinking cans, as is in water pipes that carry our drinking water (Laposata & Withgott. 2012). It is also in plastics we use for food storage, baby bottles, and even children’s toys. This chemical is also used in CD’s and DVD’s; be that as it may, this is a very odd mix of items to find one chemical in, some we eat from, and some we use. The chemical is actually used to stop cans from rusting and food free from bacteria, as well as to harden plastic; with this said, why is it we put this in our bodies (“Baby Bottles And Bispenol A (BPA), n.d.)?

Endocrine disrupters are likely to be the cause of triggering the early changes in the body(). Precocious puberty may not seem dangerous, but there are many life threatening side effects and behavioural changes that could occur such as, depression, increased chance of sexually transmitted diseases, heart diseases, various cardiovascular diseases, and cancer(). Although scientists have not figured out the absolute cause of precocious puberty, there are several studies and research explaining that the chemical factor of the estrogen mimicking compounds are causing the adolescents to experience these early changes(). A study conducted on 400 healthy male adolescents measured the levels of testosterone and estrogen, and found out that if there is a more sufficient amount of these particular hormones in their body it is more likely that they will experience further stages of puberty significantly earlier (). Estrogen levels in water causing puberty to occur earlier in the adolescents has been a recent controversial topic, but the changes are alarmingly occurring among children as early as seven to nine. Parents are fearful that their children are facing these changes too early. In conclusion, the research and studies conducted have been fairly clear that the increasing levels of estrogen in the water are causing precocious

Obesity is a problem many people encounter, but is BPA contributing to it? There have been many experiments to test that question. BPA-Glucuronide is a chemical that researchers find in many urine samples. The University of Michigan conducted their own experiment. They found that adult with high levels of BPA have an increased chance of acquiring diabetes, cardiovascular disease and may become obese. Other researchers conducted experiments and found that BPA-Glucuronide led to a significant increase in acquiring fat. There is a strong correlation between BPA and obesity.

Infertility is identified after 12 months of persistent attempts to conceive if a woman is 34 years or younger or after 6 months if she is older than 35, or when there is a history of repeated miscarriage. Some factors associated with female infertility include problems with ovulation (anovulation or inadequate corpus luteum), tubal obstruction or dysfunction (endometriosis or damage from pelvic infection), and uterine or cervical factors (fibroid tumors or structural anomalies). Risk factors for infertility include tobacco and/or illegal drug use and being obese. In women, the risk for infertility begins around the age of 30 and increases after age 40. A women’s age can influence the chances of conceiving may be as high 71%; when over 36, it may only be 41% (sharma,2013). Infertility can also be affected by endocrine disorders such as having abnormal body fat distribution or rare hair growth. It is essential to obtain an assessment of hormonal and adrenal gland disorders which may contribute to a rise in

During recent years, numerous newspaper and magazine articles have suggested that humans may be at risk because small amounts of well known environmental contaminants, such as dioxin, PCBs and DDT, can affect hormone levels. Hormones are produced by the endocrine system as regulators of biological function in target organs. Because hormones play a critical role in early development, toxicological effects on the endocrine system often have an impact on the reproductive system. The term endocrine disruptor is used to describe chemicals that can mimic hormones and may either enhance or counteract their effects. It has been suggested that these hormone changes can, in turn, lead to a variety of health problems

Human exposure can occur through multiple routes, however oral exposure is the major route of exposure to BPA, thus, oral exposure occurs because of the leaching of BPA from polycarbonate containers and from the plastic lining of cans (Chris et al., 2009). Furthermore, BPA is also detected in indoor air primarily associated with dust, which indicates exposure can occur through inhalation (Taylor, 2008). Exposure to BPA in humans received dramatic attention when it was detected in serum, follicular and amniotic fluids, fetal serum, milk of nursing mothers, and in the urine (Gould et al., 1998). BPA as one of the potential EDCs to health risk and may interfere with the production or activity of hormones in the human endocrine system (Gould et

It has been complicate issue what the US government approach regarding the use of chemicals. Reports revealed concern chemicals are an absolutely necessary component of our daily lives. But some chemicals, known as endocrine disruptors, can have harmful effects on the body's endocrine (hormone) system. According to researcher’s endocrine disruptors may be existence in many everyday products including plastic bottles, metal food cans, detergents, flame retardants, food, toys, cosmetics, and pesticides. Medical finding shows that endocrine disruptors are chemicals use in plastic product that may interfere with the body's endocrine system and produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife

The impact of certain estrogenic xenobiotics on the reproductive system development and health of animals has been clearly documented. Findings, such as ours demonstrate thathumans are also exposed at risk. As data accumulate regarding to infertility, genital tract malformations and increasing cancer rates in estrogen target tissues (especially the breast),

The volunteers of this study 1 prior to ingesting BPA were first administered breakfast. They were then given a commercial tomato soup, which contained a 30 μg/kg bw dosage of deuterium labeled (d6) BPA (d6-BPA). Blood samples would be drawn right before the soup was ingested as well as drawn regularly throughout the 24 hour period of study. Urine samples were collected over a