Essay On Oral Cancer

Molecular Cell Biology, 7th Edition, 2013, Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Bretscher. Ploegh, Amon, and Scott. W.H. Freeman and Company (ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-3413-9)

Aim 1: To identify Aha1 in the patients’ sample. From the medical center, metastatic and non-metastatic cancer patients’ tumor tissues along with buffy coat, plasma, serum, viable lymphocytes, as well as urine samples will be collected. Aha1 along with other secretory proteins such as Hsp90α, Survivin, MMP will be evaluated in cancer patients’ samples.

The cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in serum-free media and treated with 2.5 μM of free sorafenib or an equivalent sorafenib concentration of SMA-Sor, 3 μM of free nilotinib or an equivalent nilotinib concentration of SMA-Nilo, DMSO or SMA for 48  h. Following treatment, media was collected, centrifuged to remove cell debris, and freeze-dried for 12  h. Samples were rehydrated and mixed with loading buffer (0.4 M Tris, pH 6.8, 5% SDS, 20% glycerol, 0.03% bromophenol blue). For zymography, samples were loaded on a 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel containing 1  mg/mL of gelatin. After electrophoresis, the gels were incubated in renaturing solution (2.5% Triton-X-100 (w/v)) for 30 min at room temperature and then for 24  h at 37°C in a developing buffer containing 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, 4  mM CaCl2, and 0.02% NP40. The gels were then stained with Coomassie blue R250, and regions without staining were indicative of gelatin lysis. The gels were briefly rinsed and scanned. For MMP-9 and isthmin-1 secretion, samples were loaded on a 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and the expression of MMP-9 and isthmin-1 assessed by western blotting using anti-MMP-9 (D6O3H, Cell Signaling) and anti-isminth-1 antibodies (Biorbyt, San Francisco, CA,

Eighteen People a day are diagnosed with oral cancer. ("Facts and Figures"). Roughly 48,250 Americans will be diagnosed this year. As well as, it will cause approximately 9,575 deaths in the next year ("Oral Cancer Facts"). This is a big deal. Oral cancer is a deadly disease. ("Risk Factors") The three main factors that contribute to oral cancer are genetics, environmental factors/lifestyle choices, and chance.

Sometimes a tooth extraction may be necessary. Dental decay can take hold of a tooth and damage it beyond repair. If not decay, then it could be an overcrowded mouth deeming a necessary extraction to make proper room for your teeth and improve on your overall smile.

The methods of obtaining the cancerous epithelial samples from various areas was a clear way of observing both the level of amplification of CCND1 and the presence of cancer within those tumors or samples. The FISH technique was fitting to localize the specific DNA sequences related to the cause and effect of amplification. Epithelial tissues which contained some development of cancer cells were studied. The researchers used samples that were stored at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, making sure to used samples from areas distant from one another (Burandt, et. al). Taking samples from various areas helped to further see the effect of various amount of amplification of the protein and how it affected the epithelial tissues at different stages.

Oral cancer is a devastating disease. Over eight thousand American lives are taken by oral cancer and only a fourth of these patients do not excessively drink alcohol or smoke tobacco, which are the two main causes of oral cancer (The Oral Cancer Foundation). Survival rates for oral cancer could be much higher if the population would take precautionary measures to reduce their chances of being diagnosed with oral cancer. When the use of alcohol and tobacco are decreased, the chances of acquiring oral cancer are also decreased. By visiting the dentist at least once every year, new lesions could be found. Unfortunately, only seven percent of the population, who visits the dentist regularly, receives a thorough oral cancer exam(The Oral

The experiments that were completed previously offered a comprehensive understanding of how rGFP was induced, expressed, and purified. To outline, Ni2+-agarose affinity chromatography was done to separate the protein of interest through a strong affinity to the His-6 tag in the rGFP to the column. The Bradford assay is where the estimation of the amount protein of the samples was done. Then the SDS-PAGe gel showed an estimation of the molecular weight and purity of samples. This was important in identifying the protein. Finally developed a Western Blot, confirming the presence of rGFP through band

Cancer cells are able to overexpress the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein. This is a signal protein that stimulates angiogenesis (lymphangiogenisis for lymph canal production) and allows the tumour to develop. This process is shown in figure 2.

Cells can enter small blood vessels and get into the bloodstream. Cancer cells that do that are called circulating tumor cells. The circulating blood sweeps up cancer cells as the blood is circulating and carries the cancer cells until they become attached

The structural components encoded by env include the envelope glycoproteins: outer envelope glycoprotein gp120 and transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 derived from glycoprotein precursor gp160. Components encoded by the gag gene include core nucleocapsid proteins p55 (a precursor protein), p40, p24 (capsid, or “core" antigen), p17 (matrix), and p7 (nucleocapsid); the important proteins encoded by pol are the enzyme proteins p66 and p51 (reverse transcriptase), p11 (protease), and p32 (integrase). [22,32,33]

On histopathology, the tumor is characterized by numerous giant cells, which vary in size from 10 µ to 100 µ and exhibit many centrally placed uniform nuclei. The other components of the tumor are the spindle cells. These are oval, elongated and contain large nuclei with a small amount of acidophilic cytoplasm. It is believed that the spindle cells are the malignant component of the tumor rather than the giant cells. Therefore, the tumor aggressiveness depends on the spindle cells and not the giant cells [ref].

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide as it can develop in almost any organ or tissue. Significant advances in understanding the cellular basis of cancer and the underlying biological mechanisms of tumour has been vastly improved in the recent years (Jiang et al. 1994). Cancer is a genetic disease which requires a series of mutation during mitosis to develop, its characteristics can be associated with their ability to grow and divide abnormal cells uncontrollable while in the mean time invade and cause nearby blood vessels to serve its need. Even though many people are affected by cancer today, the abilities which cancer cells have make it hard to find a single effective treatment for cancer. The focus of research now lies

Of 37 cases, 9 cases occurred in major salivary glands, with eight occurrences in the parotid region - 1 PA, 1 Adenolymphoma & 6 Acinic cell adenocarcinoma (AcADCC) and one in submandibular region- 1 Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA). Of 37 cases, 28 cases occurred in minor salivary glands, with palate being the most commonly affected site by both benign (63.63%) and malignant tumors (58%).

Tumors are one of the most feared diseases of our time. Many people upon hearing the word “tumor” immediately resonate to the conclusion of it being cancer, which is not necessarily true. Tumors fall into to two main types, benign and malignant. Although they are considerably different in tissue invasion, their nature that makes them distinct and symptoms, they are also quite similar in the way they recur in the same location, growth size and their health risks.