Essay On Pan-Sharpening Techniques

Using the reflectance spectrum in these three states, only, does not have high accuracy, as shown in 3, 4 and 5 Tables. However, adding derivative spectrum increases R^2 to a large extent and decreases the relative RMSE. The highest〖 R〗^2, in a 1bit method, relating to the use of the reflectance spectrum code and the derivative code is for 400-1050 nm wavelengths to 2nd order and 500-800nm to 3rd order. In the 2bit case, using the reflectance spectrum and the derivative to 3rd order, in both used wavelength, had better function and the best result for the 3rd state was in the 400-10560nm wavelength to 3rd derivative and 500-800 nm to 2nd order derivative. Deletion of the blue region from the beginning of the spectrum and regions by more than 800nm wavelength were effective in improving the results. Although using 3bit code causes lengthening the disciplinary code, among these three states, by considering the reflectance spectrum and its derivative behavior in more detailed, was more successful than the first two states to manifest the

In accession to the binary images, the proposed method may be tested on discrete color images also. These type of

The major part of at-sensor radiance is mainly contributed by the atmosphere (aerosols and water vapor), specular reflection of directly transmitted sunlight from the water surface (sun glint), direct reflected radiance from the water surface (sky light) and radiance reflected from whitecaps. The raw at-sensor radiance images were corrected for atmospheric effects using the ENVI v 5.2 (ITT Visual Information Solutions, Inc.) FLAASH (Fast Line of sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubus) module. FLAASH converts radiometrically-calibrated at-sensor radiance images to surface reflectance images by incorporating the MODTRAN4 radiative transfer code. Landsat-5 TM top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance files were converted to FLAASH-compatible units (mW/cm2/sr/nm) by multiplying a scale factor of 0.1. The sensor and flight information, such as sensor type, acquisition date and time, sensor altitude and spatial resolution, were entered manually for each image. This information was supplied with the Landsat L1T product as a separate metadata file (*MTL.txt). The atmospheric model was selected based the observed air temperature during the time of image acquisition. All of the images were corrected for adjacency effects and processed using the DISORT (Discrete Ordinates Radiative Transfer Program for a Multi-Layered

The goal of the feature extraction and selection is to reduce the dimension of the data. In this experiment the dimension of the AVIRIS and HYDICE images reduced to 20 from 220 and 191 respectively using PCA. From the PCA analysis we can see that image of principal component 1 is brightest and sharpest than other PCA image which is illustrated in figure-2.

Did you know that flat irons are not very healthy for your hair? Well, if you didn’t know this is why I'm telling you.The first flat iron ever invented was in 1872. The creator of the flat iron was named Erica Feldman, she used heated rods to shape her hair. Most women at the time would use clothes irons to get their hair straight.Every girls' hair would be completely healthy if hair straighteners did not exist.

The most important part of a hockey player’s gear is their skates. To be more precise the blades on the skates are the most important, because that is what is in contact with the ice to allow the player to generate traction to move around the ice with ease. So the equipment manager or anyone else who has the job of sharpens someone’s hockey skates need to have the knowledge to be able to sharpen someone skates perfectly. They have to know the correct process to sharpen skates to perfection every time. The process is very simple as long as you can follow this procedure to ensure perfection in the skate sharpening.

Colour is most extensively used feature for image retrieval. Several techniques such as colour coherence vector, the colour co-occurrence matrix, vector quantization, and colour moments are used to extract colour feature from original images. Normally colours are defined in three dimensional colour spaces, which are RGB (Red, Green, and Blue), HSV (Hue, Saturation, and Value) or HSB (Hue, Saturation, and Brightness)

It is hard to imagine a chef without a good kitchen knife. Knife is an indispensible tool used for dicing, slicing, mincing, and chopping. However, a knife that feels graceful and comfortable in your hands may feel awkward to someone else. Therefore, it is important to identify you needs and preferences before you buy kitchen knives online. You must understand that one product is not perfect for everyone. Finding your ideal knife can take time, but you know it when you have found your perfect knife. Here is a brief review of some of the best kitchen knives in the market.

There were times when this Scissor Sharpener who was a small dwarfed-like man with a hunchback strangely was on one side of his back, he drove what looked like to me was a very tiny gray van, thinking this was made for small people, he would shout out if you needed anything sharpened? The vision I have has never left me, I will always remember this from his tiny little van, he would open the back doors to reveal a grinding wheel; he would bend over and peer to look at you with creepy expression, I think he did this to scare us, thinking because he was different from other people.

I am ashamed to have to check yes for this, but I was suspended for four days in the fourth grade. Back then, my parents were still working a lot, so I stayed at my aunt and uncle's house after school and on most weekends since they live across the street. My cousins were much younger and they loved to surprise me by hiding things in my bookbag and with other things I would bring over. One day they had found a pocketknife-- the type with bottle openers, corkscrews, and scissors-- and slipped it into my bookbag, under my books. I had found it one day on the bus when I was going to do my homework and showed it to a new friend, thinking it was an interesting new thing, then forgot about it. I was curious and naive, so I did not once think of it

The recent development ensures the popularity of CBIR, since it has been applied in many real world applications such as life sciences, environmental and health care, digital libraries and social media such as facebook, youtube, etc. CBIR understands and analyzes the visual content of the images [20]. It represents an image using the renowned visual information such as color, texture, shape, etc [11, 12]. These are often referred as basic features of the image, which undergoes lot of variations according to the need and specifications of the image [7-9]. Since the image acquisition varies with respect to illumination, angle of acquisition, depth, etc, it is a challenging task to define a best limited set of features to describe the entire image library.

168 least squares regression approach was applied to calculate spectral slope S between 275 nm and 295

The obtained hkl intensities were input into CCP4 program for intensity reduction, scaling and merging process (Winn et al., 2011).

The scan time of all frequencies is short (approximately 1 s). (4) The resolution is extremely high (0.1 ~ 0.005 cm-1)

Selecting appropriate panchromatic band (high resolution) is a key factor to downscaling SWIR band of Sentinel -2A image (Yun et al., 2106). In this study, the PAN-like band was selected from 10-m Bands (band 2, 3, 4 and 8) by considering the correlation coefficient between them and the SWIR band. To do this, first, bands 2, 3, 4 and 8 were re-sampled to 20 m using nearest neighbor method and their correlation with SWIR band was then determined using ArcGIS band collection statistics tool. 10 m bands with the highest correlation coefficient are chosen as the PAN-like band and used to downscale SWIR band resolution from 20 m to 10 m. After this, high pass filter resolution merge algorithm were chosen and applied to downscale SWIR, because this method reduces radiometric fidelity substantially as compared to other algorithms (Chavez et al., 1991).