Essay On Pre Emulsifying Exparion

The stages in which take place for a pre-catechumenate can be very powerful. This moment in time is crucial when embracing the faith of the Catholic Church. Pre-catechumenate is a time to challenge the mentality of what it means to be in the Church and why it is important to become a follower of Jesus Christ. The RCIA or Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults brings forth the life of the Church into the lives who want to embrace it.

Research indicates that small molecules are the most common and more easier form of drug therapeutics. Small molecules are easier and more cost effective to produce. However because they are chemically produced and are ingested through tablets, it makes it difficult for them to have a lasting affect within the body. Researchers are looking into using biologics as an alternative form of therapeutic for certain diseases. Biologics are naturally synthesised from various sources. It has been known that biologics would have a longer “life expectancy” within the body because it would be given intravenously, directly into the blood stream avoiding it from being broken down by the G1 tract which would occur with a small molecule (Bayer HealthCare,

Proposed mode of action for RIS (benzisoxazole derivative) is blocking of 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors. Despite of its potential, RIS is reported to have higher log P value along with poor water solubility and is classified as biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II drug [6]. This poor water solubility leads to limited oral bioavailability through gastrointestinal tract as well as by parenteral route and limits the use of aforementioned drug candidate [4]. Various solubility enhancement techniques can be used to enhance apparent solubility of BCS class II drugs such as salt formation, solid state modification, use of co-solvents, hydro-trophy, complexation with cyclodextrins size reduction etc. Researchers have reported solid dispersion [7], self-nano-emulsifying powder [8] and co-solvent [9] approach for enhancement of RIS water solubility. Use of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in marketed formulation (Risperdal®) of drug presents the probability of solubility enhancement with the use of surfactant [10]. All these approaches have their own advantages and limitations like toxicity issues associated with use of co-solvents [11] (generally water miscible organic solvents) and surfactants beyond a particular level

Niosomally encapsulated diclofenac sodium exhibits greater anti-inflammation activity as compared to free drug. Niosomal formulation of flurbiprofen and nimesulide also showed greater anti-inflammation activity compared to unentrapped drug (9).

Among other approaches tried by scientists, colloidal systems like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles etc., have shown promise but not many products have made it to the market (7). Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are gaining much popularity in recent years. Among these, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems from biodegradable and biocompatible polymer are an interesting option for controlled drug delivery and drug targeting (8). Amongst the various drug-delivery systems, solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) are potentially attractive choices due to their natural components and easily scaled-up formulation processes. In addition, their hydrophobic core provides a suitable environment for entrapment of hydrophobic drugs (9). Among the important technological advantages of nanoparticles as drug carriers are: high stability (i.e. long shelf life), high carrier capacity (i.e. many drug molecules can be incorporated into the particle matrix), feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and feasibility of variable routes of administration (10). NLCs are kind of lipid-based nanoparticles, which has the advantages of biodegradable, brain targeting, well-recognized safety profile by drastically reducing drug-related toxicities through reduction of nonspecific biodistribution (11). NLCs consist of an unstructured solid lipid

The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles that have been identified as important factors in uptake and toxicity include crystal structure, size, surface charge, surface energy, and chemical composition [14].

Nanoparticles have a series of advantages, such as relatively high drug loading, stability in the body fluids and storage conditions, slow controlled release and targeting effect, and easily industrialized production,and they have thereforebecome the hot spot of brain targeted research [14, 15]. Nanoparticles could carry drugs through the BBB and act in the CNS; especially after surface modification they can avoidphagocytosis by thereticuloendothelial system to make drugs available through the BBB and significantly improve the concentration of drugs in the brain, which is becoming an important research field of the basic researchand application of drug delivery

Both carrageenan types yielded near zero-order profiles in drug release tablet formulations. The tablet compression pressures had little to no effect on the profiles from 70 to 175 MPa. It was found out that while drug loading increased from 5% to 20%, the exponent of diffusion decreased from 1.056 to 0.678. From zero-order release, the breakup of tablets during the dissolution and departure were the result of 30% drug loading. To predict the time for 50% release as a function of the concentration of both types of carrageenan, the researchers used multiple regression analysis, which was also used for microcrystalline cellulose, a third filler material used in the setup. They concluded that the observed values and the predicted values of the research were in good agreement and the R2 for the final cubic model was 0.9984. (Hariharan M, Wheatley TA, & Price JC., 1997)

Oral route of drug administration is one of the preferable methods of drug delivery due to its convenience, ease of administration and a more effective medication system than other drug delivery systems in terms of patient’s compliance. However, not all drugs are of same solubility; some poorly soluble hydrophobic drug often generates certain complexities in formulation development as well as other clinical research. As a result, increasing the dose and higher administration frequency of these poorly soluble drugs may not compensate for the therapeutic dose of the drug. Therefore, to effectively utilize the therapeutic efficacy of the drug, enhancement of solubility and dissolution profile can be a promising approach.

The most essential drug delivery route is no doubt the oral route. It has advantages like convenience of administration and less developed cost. Drugs administered by oral route are solid oral dosage forms particularly tablets, the preferred class of product. Today drug delivery companies are concentrating on solid oral drug delivery systems that suggestion increased patient amenability and effect. Melt in mouth tablet (MMT) or fast disintegrating/dissolving or dispersible tablet, which is known to be one of the most innovative ways in oral drug delivery.

Nanotechnology is "the design, characterisation, production and application of structure, devices or systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape at the nanoscale." (Nanomed, 2005) This should produce a structure or device with at least one new or superior characteristic. The nanoscale is less than 100nm. CNTs have shown a great deal of potential use as nano carriers for delivering anti cancer drugs directly to the sight of action. However, CNTs must be functionalized, as pure CNTs are difficult to incorporate into biological structures due to their insolubility and their tendency to bundle up. There are two main ways to functionalize CNTs yet the best method is by oxidation leading to carboxyl based couplings. The tube caps openings are created and holes in the side wall form by process of oxidation involving strong acids. These carboxylic group allow covalent coupling with other molecules by amide or ester bonds (see figure 2.1) as a result, CNTs can be conjugated with anti cancer drugs. It is a benefit to functionalize CNTs as "functionalized CNTs have been shown in many studies to be able to cross cell membranes" (Pantarotte et al.) this means that CNTs can now be used to deliver anti cancer drugs into direct cells.

Therapeutic response of a drug depends upon the bioavailability which in turn depends upon the solubility and dissolution rate of drug. A solubility problem is a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry with developments of new pharmaceutical products. There are various techniques but liquisolid compact is a new and promising method that can change the dissolution rate of water insoluble drugs. According to the concept of liquisolid systems water-insoluble drugs dissolved in suitable non-volatile solvents, may be transformed into free-flowing and readily compressible powders by a simple admixture with excipients referred to as the carrier and coating materials. Rapid disintegration rates are observed compared to conventional tablets and therefore, they show improved release rates and hence greater bioavailability. The use of nonvolatile solvent in the formulation causes increased wettability of water insoluble drugs and ensures molecular dispersion of drug in the formulation. Modification of formulation by use of certain agents cause sustained release of drugs from the liquisolid tablets. Hence Liquisolid compacts containing water-insoluble drugs expected to display enhanced dissolution characteristics and consequently improved oral bioavailability.

Polymer–drug conjugates hold the potential to protect the drug from early degradation, inhibit drug from prematurely release with the biological setting and improve the absorption of the drugs into the tissues (by means of improved permeability and retaining effected or active targeting). Drugs molecules possess the ability to be

Oral drug delivery is the simplest and easiest way of administering drugs, Because of the greater stability, smaller bulk, accurate dosage and easy production, solid oral dosages forms have many advantages over other types of oral dosage forms. Therefore, most of the new chemical entities (NCE) under development these days are intended to be used as a solid dosage form that originate an

The logical progression of my study of chemical engineering has been to embrace the concepts of advanced polymers and the use of advanced testing and formation systems to evaluate how entirely new polymers can be created. In studies of how chemical engineering can be made most effective, the combining of theoretical and