Essay On Prostate Cancer

Today, prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is used, but there are

There are difficulties and controversy associated with the current screening methods for prostate cancer. The PSA test for prostate cancer has become controversial as it is “not yet known for certain if this test actually does saves lives. It is not clear if the benefits of PSA screening outweigh the risks of diagnostic tests and cancer treatments” (National Cancer Institute, 2009). According to NCI, a PSA test may detect a small amount of cancer that may never become life threatening. This is referred to as over diagnosis and this can put men at risk of complications from any additional and unnecessary treatment (National Cancer Institute, 2009).

In the case for PSA screening, PCa is the leading internal malignancy in US men and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Early detection of prostate cancers offers the best chance of cure. The PSA blood test is the best chance of cure. Currently, the PSA blood test is the best currently available way to detect PCa and it is easy, safe and inexpensive. PSA test results is a piece of information, it is what doctors do with the information that becomes the issue. However, the great majority of PSA detected tumors have the histologic characteristics of clinically important cancers. Also, PSA detection has found tumors early advancing the diagnosis by Seeral years (5-13) and prostate cancer mortality rates in U.S have decreased by 4% (patho book) since 1992, which is 5 years after initiation of prostate screenings. The dilemma is over treating the clinically unimportant disease versus under

Another method to detect this cancer is with a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). Protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells is reflected the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue in the PSA. The higher the PSA level is the more likely it is that Prostate Cancer present. (“Prostate

Screening tests are only available through biopsies. This means that basically once symptoms arise, one would be able to go and get a prognosis as to whether or not they have this disease.

Each year approximately 233,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer (Eggener, Cifu, & Nabhan, 2015). In 2015, prostate cancer was the second most common cancer related cause of death among United States men (Eggener, et. al., 2015). While the majority of prostate cancers are slow growing with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 98%, statistics show that when prostate cancer is identified as metastatic, the 5-year survival rate dramatically drops down to 20-25% (Eggener, et. al., 2015). According to these numbers alone, it appears screening for prostate cancer would be a well-accepted practice. However, current methods of screening for this cancer are controversial and has lead organizations like the U.S Preventative Service Task Force (USPSTF) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) to different guidelines for screening.

Prostate cancer is a kind of cancer that affects the prostate gland in men. It is a common cancer that grows slowly and its treatment can be done successfully if it is detected at an early stage. Sometimes, symptoms are not visible in case of cancer limited to the prostate gland which may result into metastatic cancer. To detect the symptoms, active surveillance can be done. There are various options available

Risk factors such as, family history. For example about 10% of men at a young age have had testicular cancer because they were born with an undescended testicle. Also, men with specific genetics such as the Klinefelter syndrome, Down syndrome or family that has had the disease before, could have a high risk of the cancer to develop. Not only can family history increase the risk of the disease, but also men with sexual transmitted diseases such as HIV can possibly get testicular cancer. There are usually no early symptoms of the cancer, but at least 25% do experience them. Some early symptoms include a mass or lump that is felt in the testes, it is usually painless. Even if the lump or mass is small or large, and soft or hard it is not always cancer, the mass or lump could indicate anything else. Depending on how much the cancer has spread, there are different symptoms for each. For example, if the cancer has spread beyond the testicle such as the lymph nodes in the abdomen or the lungs and brain symptoms such

Testicular cancer is very rare it, and prostate cancer it can affect males age 15-35. Risk factors are history of one or both testes fail to descend, family history and is more common in white male than African American men. Treatments for prostate cancer depend on the aggressiveness of cancer and can range from surgery, radiation, and hormonal therapy. BPH treatments depend on the severity of is symptoms although it cannot be cured medications can help to shrink the prostate and surgical removal of the central part of the prostate can relive the symptoms, close monitoring until symptoms become a problem. BPH is caused by increased levels of testosterone at occur normally with increasing age, and is the most common cause of urinary obstruction of men 40 and older. Prostate cancer it is not entirely understood but it is caused by an unregulated growth of prostate cells, and is the most common male cancer. Common risk factors are hereditary; an increase age of 50 and older and is more commonly found in African American men then white. Treatments for testicular cancer depend on type of cancer or malignant or non-malignant, and stage of cancer but may include removal of the testicle and nearby lymph nodes sometimes fallowed by radiation

A digital rectal exam is completed yearly to establish prostate location, size, and the presence of nodules. (ACS, 2011)

According to Ferrante, Shaw, and Scott (2011), prostate cancer is the most common cancer and second most common cancer death among men in the United States. Early detection permits appropriate and timely management, which can allow clinicians to treat the cancer effectively. When detected at early or regional stage, prostate cancer has a five-year survival rate of about 100%. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most widely used tumor marker and was approved by the FDA in 1994 as an aid in the early detection of prostate cancer (Duffy, 2011). PSA screening helps detect prostate cancer earlier, at lower clinical stages, and with a lower Gleason score (Cho et al., 2015).

During the digital rectal examination (DRE) evaluation of the prostate size and contour are assessed. Normal prostate volume in a young man is approximately 20 g which is about one fingerbreadth on examination. Most asymptomatic men have glands of 2 fingerbreadths or less (Deters, 2015). Decreased anal sphincter tone or lack of bulbocavernosus muscle reflex can signify an underlying neurological disorder. A urinalysis and urine culture along with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test will also be done to confirm diagnosis. If the symptoms are moderate to severe then a blood creatinine may be down to see how well the kidneys are functioning. A post-void residual urine test measures the amount of urine left in the bladder after urinating. Pressure flow studies measure the pressure in the bladder wall while urinating. A cystometrogram measures the bladder’s pressure, complaince, and capacity to store urine. Other tests maybe warranted if there are further complications with BPH or if other causes may be present. An ultrasound may be ordered to check the size and structure of the kidneys, bladder, and prostate. A cystoscopy allows a doctor to look inside the urethra and bladder to see just how much of the prostate is blocking the urethra. An intravenous pyelogram uses X-rays to show the function of the kidneys and the flow of the bladder from the kidneys to the bladder. A spiral computed tomography uses X-rays to

The most accurate way to detect cancer cells inside the prostate gland is the surgical removal and histopathological examination of the entire gland. As this approach is clinically inapplicable to each patient with suspicious findings, Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostatic biopsy is considered the standard diagnostic procedure for the detection of prostate cancer for patients with a high suspicion for prostate cancer 1.

get a screening after age the of fifty have a good chance of reducing the risk of death of

Prostate cancer occurs mainly in older men. Nearly two thirds are diagnosed in men aged 65 or older, and it is rare before age 40. The average age at the time of diagnosis is about 67. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men, behind only lung cancer. In New Zealand Prostate Cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in New Zealand men, behind Lung Cancer