Diagnostic Methods Of H. Pylori

Antibiotics are powerful very frequently used potential drugs in fighting bacterial infections worldwide, [1]. These agents saved millions of lives in the past fifty years in both hospital-based and outpatient settings. Inadequate measures to control the spreading of infections, overprescribing as well as inappropriate selection and dosing of antibiotics by healthcare providers, unfettered access to antimicrobials by public, failure to adhere to clinically desired treatment regimens are some of the driving force to spread of antibiotics resistance, [2]. In addition, lack of regulations to promote the rational use of antibiotics in humans, infection prevention and control are some of the other factors that lead to emergence of resistance to antibiotics, [3].

pylori’s expression of a Type IV secretion system suggests it utilizes horizontal gene transfer to uptake DNA to and from host cells or other bacterial cells in its environment. H. pylori uses its T4SS to inject the highly pathogenic cagA protein into the gastric epithelial cells of the human host which then phosphorylates and interferes with human host signaling cascades related to cell differentiation, proliferation, motility and cytoskeletal rearrangement causing H. pylori induced proinflammatory responses via IL-8 activation and NF-κB stimulation. This sequence of events results in the elongation of infected host epithelial cells, characteristic of H. pylori illness, termed the “hummingbird phenotype (2).” It has been shown that almost 100% of all Eastern Asian strains express the cagA protein while only about 60-70% of the Western strains express a functional cagA protein. It is clear to see that geographical regions have dramatic differences in virulence and pathogenicity of H. pylori strains further proving the vast diversity in the genetics of the bacteria. The H. pylori T4SS can be assessed in three different clusters of genes. The first is the protein type IV secretion system (pT4SS) whose primary function is to translocate the cagA protein. The cag pathogenicity island uses 18 out of its 27 genes to translocate cagA into the host cells and 14 genes are used in

Since antibiotics, such as penicillin, became widely available in the 1940s, they have been called miracle drugs. They have been able to eliminate bacteria without significantly harming the other cells of the host. Now with each passing year, bacteria that are immune to antibiotics have become more and more common. This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1).

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which was discovered in 1983 and is a spiral-shaped bacterium that is found in the gastric mucous layer or adherent to the epithelial lining of the stomach (B. J. Marshall & Warren, 1984). The infection of H. pylori is a common and significant public health problem. It affects more than half of the adult population worldwide (Parkin, 2004). In most individuals, H. pylori infection can be asymptomatic throughout life. However, its persistence may cause chronic gastric inflammation and tissue damage, leading to even more severe gastric diseases. Approximately 20% of infected subjects will develop severe gastric diseases such as peptic ulcers, gastric

Helicobacter pylori is found commonly in the mucosal lining of the stomach and the duodenum without penetrating epithelium because its adaptability to the highly acidic and low pH environment. However, occasional or persistent presence has been suggested, (Figure 2) H.pylori DNA was successfully isolated from other locations in the body, such as atherosclerotic plaques and oral cavity, which is not surely confirmed whether its presence due to true colonization for those sites or due to traveling of H.pylori to distant sites as a result of body pathophysiological mechanism. For instance, the phagocytized H.pylori from stomach being transported on macrophages through blood to the atherosclerotic plaques and oral presence as a result of gastric reflux. Other evidences suggesting the presence of Evidence of H. pylori colonization has also been found in the gallbladder, ears, nose, skin, and even eyes.

Identify (3) items related to the medical diagnosis that the RN can include in the teaching plan for this patient?

Helicobacter Pylori or H. Pylori is a type of bacteria that invades the body and infects the digestive tract. It was discovered around 1983 by Warren, a biologist and Marshall, a clinician. It is named because of the spiral shape that allows the bacterium to burrow itself deep within the mucosal layer of the stomach wall. This penetration of the stomach lining enables to the bacteria to protect itself against immune cells that would recognize the organism as an invader. In order to survive the natural acidity of the stomach and its contents H. Pylori secretes an enzyme called urease. Although this enzyme helps protect the H. Pylori bacterium against the acidity of the stomach, it does not provide any protection for the depressions or holes in the stomach wall caused by the bacteria. This damage to the stomach wall can lead to ulcers that may bleed, cause other infections, or keep food from passing through the digestive tract. If these ulcers are left untreated, they can more severe diagnoses such as GERD, gastric cancer or gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma if left untreated.

Therefore, according to the obtained results, this protein has proper antigenicity strength and possesses epitopes similar to the natural form and hence can be used to design diagnostic kits. False negative results were only seen in three samples of the patients. The reasons of failure can be due to consumption of proton pump inhibiting drugs or bismuth, watery diarrhea, possible increase in plant materials in the diet which results in stool weight increment, and polysaccharide inhibitors. In addition, false negative results may arise from problems confronted in Western blot technique such as reduction of the primary antibody concentration, decreased antigen level, proteolytic cleavage and inactivation of antigen, increased time and transfer temperature,

Esophageal reflux, irritable bowel syndrome, heartburn, constipation and flatulence can be signs of helicobacter pylori.

My patient has just been diagnosed with Helicobacter Pylori is prescribed the standard recommended treatment including amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole given concurrently. Before taking amoxicillin tell your doctor if you allergic to any cephalosporin’s. Amoxicillin can also make birth control pills less effective. You also have to take the medicine for the complete length of time. This could cause diarrhea. Clarithromycin is used to treat duodenal ulcers that occur from H Pylori along with other medicines combined. Do not take if you have life threating heart rhythm disorders or if you have lover or kidney disease.

Blood antibody test: this blood test checks for H. pylori antibodies, it may not be to reliable since a positive test may not indicate if is an acute infection, or how long you had the infection. This test can remain positive for year even though the infection is cured.

The goal of antimicrobial susceptibility testing is to predict the success or failure of antibiotic therapy. Tests are performed and measure the growth response of an isolated organism to a selected drug or medicine. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing ought to be combined with clinical information and skill once choosing the foremost appropriate antibiotic. There are many factors to think about in selecting an appropriate antibiotic for treatment of a bacterial infection. The foremost basic of those is whether the causative organism is prone to a selected antibiotic, and the way much of that antibiotic are necessary to inhibit or kill the organism. Whereas we tend to do

A pilot study was conducted, in which 10 children with OME, with positive H pylori stool antigen results, were subjected to ventilation tube insertion under general anaesthesia. Middle-ear fluid was aspirated with a micro-aspiration cannula (blood contamination was entirely avoided; effusion samples were collected under completely sterile conditions). Gastric lavage was performed with an orogastric Nelaton catheter. This was inserted into the stomach, and 10 cc of saline solution was injected and subsequently aspirated back into the injector. All ear and gastric lavage samples were processed within 4 hours of collection. They showed positive reactions for catalase, oxidase and urease. In addition, polymerase chain reaction ana-lysis revealed that all were positive for H pylori infection.

The overuse of antibiotics has been a problem for well over a decade. This misuse leads to many nonvisible problems arising within the human population. As the use of antibiotics increases, the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria also increases. When bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic, another antibiotic must be used to try and kill it and the cycle becomes vicious. Michael Martin, Sapna Thottathil, and Thomas Newman stated that antimicrobial resistance is, “an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society” (2409).

The emergence of resistance in bacteria is primarily related to human and agricultural use of natural and synthetic antibiotics. Most antibiotics aren’t full metabolised and together with resistant bacteria are excreted where they can reach sewage systems and wastewater treatment plants. (Luczkiewicz et al., 2011). Standard wastewater treatment conventions have not been shown to be fully effective in reducing the number of resistant bacteria. Unfortunately, some have been shown to positively select for resistant isolates. (Luczkiewicz et al., 2011). Current treatments in developed countries are quite