Essay On Retinal Development

Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 locus is intensely over expressed in breast and prostate cancer and it’s been established that its promoter inhibition by p53 has led to reduced cell proliferation and invasion (Bracken, 2003; Xiao, 2011). Objective is to clone a forward orientated EZH2 insert into a his-tagged pbluescript. Cloning EZH2 into a histidine-tagged pbluescript in a forward orientation potentially allows isolation of protein via Affinity Chromatography or Chromatin Immunoprecipitation therefore its role, effects and targets in the genome can be established. Resultant Recombinant plasmids in

The closest neighboring gene to mine is named growth factor independent 1B transcription repressor (GFI1B), and it codes for Zinc finger protein Gfi-1b.

After a retinal molecule absorbs light, the normally 11-cis form of the bound retinal molecule straightens to become the 11-trans from. This change activated the opsin molecule. Opsin activates transducin which is a G protein. This G protein then activates phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that breaks down cyclic-GMP. The break-down of cyclic-GMP removes them from the gated sodium channels and makes the gated sodium channels inactive. Because of this, sodium ion entry into the cytoplasm decreases.

Since AAV2 vectors do not eliminate or repair the faulty gene, the therapeutic effects may not be permanent. In several studies, improvement of visual sensitive peaked a few

Molecular Cell Biology, 7th Edition, 2013, Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Bretscher. Ploegh, Amon, and Scott. W.H. Freeman and Company (ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-3413-9)

Roi1 is also known as rough eye and it is a dominant mutation which causes abnormal patterns and genomic inversions in the D.melanogaster eye (Chanut et al. 2002). The recombination map location of the Roi1 is 2-54.7. The gl3 is an allele and the Gl1 is a protein for the gl gene, also known as glass, both are located at 3-63.1. The gl gene is known to reduce the size of the adult D. melanogaster eye. Even though the gl3 is a weak allele for the glass gene it produces a really pigmented eye ( Ma et al. 1996). The rh1 gene is known as rhodopsin; the recombination map location is at 3.66.4. Rh1 causes degeneration of the D. melanogaster retina (Kristaponyete et al. 2012). Rho1 also known as the rhomboid gene, is closely related to the roughed (ru); which happens to be a recessive eye mutation (Wasserman

In most cases of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa RPGR has been observed to be dysfunctional, approximately 60 to 80% of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa are attributed to dysfunctional RPGR (Haddad et al., 2016; Pawlyk et al., 2016). Unfortunately, as of now, there is no therapeutic cure for any of the genetically inheritable forms of retinitis pigmentosa, but research is being conducted into the gene therapies, stem cell therapies. Currently the only method of treatment is to slow degradation of the photoreceptor cells of the retina, but this only mitigates the damage and does not stop or repair any of the damage that

RASAL3, SASH3, PTPRC, and INPP5D. These genes are termed “hub genes” due to the high

Zic2 is the vertebrate homologue of the Drosophila opa gene containing the zinc-finger motif for DNA binding (Aruga et al., 1996). In the mouse, the expression of Zic2 is first detected at the time of gastrulation and later becomes restricted to the dorsal roof plate of the forebrain (Nagai et al., 1997). A hypomorphic mutation of Zic2 results in a failure of roof plate induction, thus causing a mild form of HPE in the mouse (Nagai et al., 2000). However, mutations in the DNA binding and transactivation domains of Zic2 lead to a more severe form of HPE, owing to the defective development of prechordal plate formation at the time of gastrulation (Warr et al., 2008). Recent evidence suggests that Zic2 may regulate forebrain development by controlling β-catenin activity and thus affecting the Wnt signaling pathway(Pourebrahim et al., 2011). Later, Zic2 continues to express in the forebrain roof plate of mouse and chick embryos within the

It is of great interest to see how far the scientific community has come across with identifying the genes and functions of each encoding protein. The science brought different interventions, as each gene has the possibility of interaction and the whole cellular environment has a type of role to engage in the complex day to day regulation of our eukaryotic cells.

     Macular Degeneration is a problem in the part of the eye that controls your sharpest central vision. It is a group of diseases that result in a loss of detailed vision. The brain will not just leave the spot empty, so it learns to fill it in with spotty macular cell damage. People most of the time don't tell their doctors (opthalmologists) about it until it is well in advance.

Three other genes make proteins that are also involved in melanin pigment formation and albinism, but the exact role of these proteins remains unknown. These genes are the P gene on chromosome 15, the Hermansky--Pudlak syndrome gene on chromosome 10, and the ocular albinism gene on the X chromosome.

The integrated stress response (ISR) is characteristic of multicellular eukaryotes, and is triggered when cells experience any type of stress stimulus. Stress stimuli include misfolded proteins, oxidative damage, heat shock, and viral expression. ISR is initiated by phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) at the Ser51 residue, which promotes stronger binding to the regulatory subcomplex of eIF2B (Starck et al., 2016). This stronger binding inhibits eIF2B from catalyzing guanine nucleotide exchange of GDP for GTP, because it cannot release from eIF2 (Weaver, 2012). Several subunits of eIF2B are involved in guanine nucleotide exchange (Kashiwagi et al., 2016). The inhibition of guanine nucleotide exchange will limit the supply of initiator methionyl transfer RNA (Met-tRNAiMet), which plays a role in initiation at AUG start codons. Therefore, during IRS, eIF2α-phosphorylation blocks global translation of protein synthesis (Starck et al., 2016).

4. Retinitis pigmentosa is a visual disorder that affects the photoreceptors in your brain. This disease refers to a group of inherited diseases that affect the photoreceptor cells responsible for capturing images from the visual field. These cells line the back of the eye in the region known as the retina. People with this disease experience their vision beginning to fade; because the two types of photoreceptor cells - rod and cone cells - die. Rod cells are found all throughout the retina, and they also aide in night vision. Cone cells can also be found throughout the retina, however they are concentrated in the center of the retina and are used for things like reading and seeing color.

Pax6 is a transcription gene it functions as a regulatory gene transcription, and plays a key role in the development of the eye during embryonic development. Because Pax6 is a transcription factor gene to ensure that there is proper development, it has the ability activate or deactivate gene expression. That being said Pax6 acts a master control gene as stated before for the development of the eye and other sensory organs. There are more functions for the Pax6 gene, but I will be focusing more on the evolution of it as well as more on the formation of the eye, in a variety of species. Pax6 is an interesting gene because it is the same gene, or relatively the exact same gene in many species. One could take Pax6 from a human or mouse, which both have the same amino acids sequence and introduce it to a Drosophila melanogaster. The fruit fly will produce a perfectly functioning fruit fly eye even though the regulatory gene in fruit flies is called eyeless. This is because they are orthologous to each other. The development can vary in all species on how the eye develops “Eyes of very diverse type and structure ranging from simple light-sensitive receptors to complex image-forming eyes can be found in the animal kingdom” (Tomarev). It can be seen that genes like Pax6 or eyeless are all related in that they create photosensitive cells.