Essay On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment

Perivasculitis is an “inflammation of a sheath surrounding the tissue”1. In class we discussed the differences between perivasculitis and periflabitis. Perivasculitis should be white because of the inflammation and the white blood cells then spilling out. The Prefix ‘peri’ means around, or on the outside of the tissue. Retinal vascular sheathing is “sheathing or cuffing of blood vessels and vitreous cells”. The swelling or ‘cuffing’ of blood vessels in the retinal layer is a serious condition and is often associated with vasculitis. Finally, a retinal hemorrhage is “abnormal bleeding of the vessels in the retina”2. Retinal hemorrhages can be caused for a variety of reasons such as injuries like forceful blows or accidents and falls, as well as adverse health conditions. We know that the loss of vision can be largely attributed to the excess debris that is currently located in the eye, the debris being blood that is leaking out. Our case states that he has no previous trauma however, proving that there is an ulterior cause to the acute onset of the

but not all ROP complications can be treated do you sacrifice sight for brain function?

The dry form is broken down into three stages; Early, Intermediate, and Advanced (National Eye Institute 3). In the Early stage, people have several small or few medium yellow deposits under the retina called drusen. This stage shows no symptoms or vision loss. During the second stage, Intermediate, more medium or even large deposits happen. As this happens, a blurred spot can develop and more light could be needed for reading. Lastly, in the Advanced stage, a breakdown of light-sensitive cells and tissue causes the blurred spot to enlarge and darken. In this latter stage, facial recognition is unlikely unless the person is extremely close. Either form of Macular Degeneration can only be detected by thorough eye exams. The exam should include visual acuity, which measures sight at varied distance intervals. Also, dilation of the eyes will allow an ophthalmologist to check the retina and optic nerve. An instrument called a Tonometer will measure pressure within the eyes (National Eye Institute 6).

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is one of such currently untreatable causes of blindness. RP, along with Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) are amongst the more frequent causes of blindness in the developed world (Greenwald 2009), while RP itself is the leading cause of inherited blindness (Palanker 2004).

As humans, we don't always see with our eyes, but often with our imagination (Grunwald, 2016). Often times as people we never realize how useful our vision really is to us. You really don't think about something like that until it would actual happen to you. Throughout this essay, you will learn how the body is affected by Macular Degeneration (MD). Different signs and symptoms, as well as the etiology of MD, will be discussed. In the following, diagnosis tests and treatments may also be listed in order to help others who would like to know more about MD. Not to mention, you will learn the incidence and progression of MD. Furthermore, information though agencies and associations, as well as new research about MD will be given.

Glaucoma can occur without much warning, whether its acute from a accident in which a trauma is issued on the eye, or if it is due to age and heredity. Glaucoma doesn 't discriminate, it is seen in all races and genders. It happens so slowly with age and heredity that you don 't even notice the loss of vision until it is too late, and with acute glaucoma it can be painful with pain that radiates over the face, a headache, nausea, vomiting and seeing colored halos around lights and even blurred vision can be a few symptoms (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Once you start seeing halos, and lose peripheral vision, it may be an indicator that irreversible damage to the optic nerve has happened. In this paper we will discuss the pathophysiology of glaucoma, the types of glaucoma as well as the causes for them. the issues that glaucoma can cause someone, and the treatments and interventions. We will also have a education handout to help better understand how to administer the medication, and the effects it has on the eye.

In cases with Direct TON where vision loss is severe and immediate, surgical decompression may be necessary if there are bony fragments pressing against the optic nerve or an optic nerve sheath hematoma. Surgery for TON involves decompression of the optic canal, and may be accomplished by a variety of approaches like transcranial, transsphenoidal, or transethmoidal. Serious surgical complications include infection (meningitis), CSF leaks, and worsening on injury. If case is not severe though, observation is the number one treatment

cause the macula to swell, this is called edema. Edema impairs the vision responsible for

Diabetic retinopathy is caused by blocked blood flow to the eye, causing ischemia or increased permeability of the blood vessels in the eye. Macular edema is caused by swelling in the eye due to the increased permeability, and both of these are common causes of vision loss of those with diabetes. Some factors that can be seen in the retina from a fundoscopic exam that can cause these issues (all of which were detected in our patient), are micro-aneurysms, intrarenal hemorrhages, and hard exudates. All three of these can disrupt the blood-retinal barrier, causing issues with blood flow and swelling. Additionally, lipids and proteins both play important roles in the eye, and if there is improper breakdown of these molecules, they can make deposits in the outer layer eye. The more deposits (hard exudates) a patient has, the larger affect it can have on their vision.

Vision loss can be partial or total, depending on how detached the retina is from the eye. There are three different types of retinal detachment, which are rhegmatogenous, tractional, and exudative (Health). Rhegmatogenous is the most common retinal detachment which is when there is a hole or tear in the retina, and fluid gets behind the retina and separates it from the back of the eye (Health). Extreme nearsightedness can cause more strain on the eye and lead to a retina detachment. Retinal detachment can be fixed depending on how severe the tear is. Partial or total vision loss can happen if it is treated in

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. AMD is characterized by the progression from early to intermediate stages of the disease. The two major advanced forms are the geographic atrophy (GA) AMD and neovascular AMD. GA or “dry” AMD is characterized by loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and outer layers of the neurosensory retina as well as the choriocapillaris. Neovascular or "wet" AMD is characterized by the formation of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), the ingrowth of new blood vessels from the choriocapillaris through Bruch's membrane into the sub pigment epithelium or subretinal

PDR causes new blood vessels to form over the retina and optic nerve. Unfortunately, the resulting blood vessels are usually accompanied by scar tissue. PDR can result in retina detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, traction retinal detachment, and neovascular glaucoma.

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), also known as rod cone dystrophy, is a rare genetic disease that affects the retinas in the eyes. In the United States, it affects 1 in 4,000 people making it the most common inherited retina disease (Nash, et al., 2015). This disease usually leads to blindness because of the deterioration of the light-sensing cells in the retina. Within the retina, there are cells called rods and cones. For people who have RP, the rods, which are responsible for night and peripheral vision, are the cells that deteriorate first. After the rods are affected, the cones follow. Cones are responsible for color perception and central vision. Usually, symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa show up during childhood. At this stage in life, children affected with this disease have a loss of night vision. As these children become adults, the disease causes their eyes develop blind spots in their peripheral vision and eventually these blind spots will merge and create tunnel vision (Nash, et al., 2015). Over time, the disease will affect central vision. Central vision

The most frequent ocular complications reported for all the AVM groups, are: vascular occlusions, aneurysm formation, intraretinal haemorrhage, exudation and cystoid macular oedema. Furthermore, neovascular glaucoma and open angle glaucoma have been described as a result of a retinal central vein occlusion [1].

Cataract extraction surgery is considering when posterior polar cataracts become visually significant either lead to amblyopia or when they cause glare, However, as the abnormal lens fibers can become adherent to the central posterior capsule, and the capsule around the plaque is often weakened. There is a high risk of posterior capsular tear and possible nucleus drop during surgery. (6)