Essay On Rice

Many species of plants host microorganisms living inside the plant forming a mutually beneficial endosymbiosis. Bacteria or fungi that reside within plant tissue (roots, stems, and/or leaves) are referred to as endophytes. These endophyte communities may help to improve a plant’s fitness by promoting growth, protecting against disease, or facilitating nutrient acquisition. More specifically, endophytes within the plant community can help plants respond to stress that develops from biotic or abiotic influences like pests, heat, drought, saline, and soil conditions (Russell et al., 2003) Endophytes can help plants become better able to tolerate stress by allocating resources from one place to another (Rodriguez et al., 2009). Therefore,

Robert Deal from Emory University is studying to learn about plants and their memory of stress. When plants face dry weather, their stomata shrink to reduce water loss. When a similar situation places the plants under stress again, the plant seems to recall this experience and recovers quicker. Robert Deal, who studies genetics and biochemistry, hopes to utilize this trait and pinpoint its gene. If he can locate and activate the genetic material associated with this memory, he believes he can speed up the process and cause plants to have the gene activated at all times, allowing the plants to withstand drier and warmer temperatures.

The results of genetic crosses between teosinte and maize in the 1960’s suggested that the major morphological changes in maize are due to mutations in just five genes. The researchers of this gene hypothesized that the cause of phenotypic change in maize resulted at the regulatory region. The regulatory region is a segment of DNA in which proteins bind and thus control the gene expression of different aspects of the plant. Therefore, one goal of this study was to determine if the

And so the question arises: what kind of effect does road salt have on the plants in an environment? We then searched for more information, and found that, if there is less salt in a plant’s body compared to it’s surroundings, it is possible for osmosis to occur. Osmosis is, in short, when water crosses through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. Osmosis is commonly seen in cells, and plant cells are no exception. Based on the background information that we found we were able to develop a hypothesis. We hypothesized that the road salt would have a negative effect on plants. If our hypothesis was correct, then - when exposed to salt - the plants would lose water and become weaker. Following our hypothesis was our prediction. In short, our prediction was that, if our hypothesis was correct, the growth in the plants would slow down, and some of the plants might even die. We then formed an experiment to test our hypothesis, in hopes that we would be proven correct.

Water is the most abundant resource on the planet and is one that is vital to all living organisms. Plants especially depend greatly on water and contain structures in their body in order to use the water efficiently. Water relations is a research field that deals with investigating how environmental factors affect the plant’s usage of the water (Bot 201L lab manual, 2016). A study was conducted to see how low water in the soil affected the uptake of water in Alfalfa leaves and if it had any effect on the plant’s photosynthesis rate. (Abid et al, 2016). It was found that there was a correlation between the photosynthesis rate and the amount of water the leaves would uptake since the stomata on the alfalfa leaves would remain closed (Abid et al, 2016). Since the stomata would close more

During testing our developed primers in June 2015, I began work on my Honor’s Thesis to understand mRNA expression changes during a common chemical treatment used by many growers to change the sex of the plant for seed production. Through growing female plants and treating some branches with silver thiosulfate, these plants will produce both male and female flowers, which can be harvested throughout the growing process. These flowers will be have RNA extracted at three time points, which will

in a desert climate have some mechanism that allows them to cope with water stress. Some plants

It was observed that the younger 6-week-old corn leaves produced more oxygen than the 12-week-old corn leaves. This may be from oxidative stress, or anoxia (the absence of oxygen) can result from aging cells, which means it is possible the older 12-week-old corn leaves were exposed to more UV stress, pathogen invasion, herbicide action, and oxygen shortage than younger plants (Blokhina et al. 2003). These are all common environmental factors most corn plants face throughout their life. Oxygen deprivation in plant cells could be a natural process that occurs as the corn ages due to exposure to ecological phenomenon. These influences might cause cell functions to weaken and eventually perish, which are perhaps attributable to an organism’s genetics

This is important because without proper absorption of light, plants could be over exposed to UV radiation and eventually die. This brings into question the extent of the potential damage of global warming and possibly new challenges for the agricultural industry. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide. The effects of global warming are measurable and can be described as the gradual increasing of Earth’s temperature (Freiji et al-2017). Not only does the climate change introduce an overall increase in temperature, it also can be linked to extreme weather, such as the drought that affected more than half of the continental US in 2012, Midwestern tornadoes, and tropical storms, like hurricane Katrina. (Renner-2013). All of these factors create even harsher conditions for plant life which would mean that there is a great need for the enzyme tyrosinase to work at maximum efficiency to protect plants from very harsh environments. It is important to understand what factors affect tyrosinase, namely heat, especially when considering big environmental issues such as global warming. All of this

Plants continuously encounter various environmental stresses and use qualitative and quantitative measures to resist pathogen attack. Qualitative stress responses, based on monogenic inheritance, have been elucidated and successfully used in plant improvement. By contrast, quantitative stress responses remain largely unexplored in plant breeding, due to complex polygenic inheritance, although hundreds of quantitative trait loci for resistance have been identified. Recent advances in metabolomics and genomics technologies now offer opportunities to overcome the hurdle of polygenic inheritance and identify candidate genes for use in plant breeding, thus improving the global food security. Potato is vulnerable to pests and diseases affecting leaves,

“In the same way that humans have bred plant species together over the centuries to create oats, maize, and wheat, so too can we breed desiccation-tolerant (the ability of an organism to withstand or endure extreme dryness or drought-like conditions), drought resistant crops in the Eragrostis (a family of perennial grasses) family without having to go the genetically modified route.” She explains that all plants have the genes that enable tolerance to periods with a lack of water, but most only use them when they make seeds. Resurrection plants, however, can also switch these genes on in their leaves and roots whenever water isn’t available. In response to desiccation, the cellular activity in resurrection plants can be summarized as: Dehydration -> Activation of desiccation related genes -> Alterations in metabolism (Accumulation of protective solutes such as sucrose, trehalose, and proline that stabilize proteins and cellular membranes. Production of antioxidant compounds such as galloylquinic acids. Biochemical alterations in membrane and cell wall composition.) -> Production of protective proteins (“dehydrins” and “expansins” that help preserve the structure of the cell walls of the

DORN (Does Not Respond to Nucleotides 1), DORN1, L-Type Lectin Receptor Kinase I.9, LECRK-I.9 are synonymous. According to TAIR database, LECRK-I.9 is involved in protein-protein interactions with RGD-containing proteins as potential ligands, role in cell wall-plasma membrane adhesion and involved in Phytophthora resistance. The mutant dorn1 is defective in LECRK I.9. DORN1, binds ATP with high affinity and is required for: ATP-induced calcium response, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, gene expression. Ectopic expression of DORN1 increased the plant response to physical wounding. Choi et.al. (2014) demonstrated that DORN1 is essential for perception of extracellular ATP and likely plays a variety of roles in plant stress resistance

During flood events plants must endure a variety of environmental perturbations including a reduction in available light, oxygen and carbon dioxide (Voesenek and Bailey-Serres, 2015). Moreover gas diffusion rates in flooded soils are extremely low (Monaco & Cumbo, 1972) resulting in reduced gas defusing through soil pores resulting in injury occurring to root and shoot cells (Cox, 2004). Furthermore the limited gas availability combined with the continued respiration of soil microorganisms and plant roots consequently results in the exhaustion of soil O2 (Monaco & Cumbo,

High salinity is a prominent abiotic stress that negatively effects plant survival and growth by causing water to move out of the cells resulting in osmotic stress. Initially this causes nutrient imbalances, membrane disruption and a reduced capacity to neutralise reactive oxygen species, later manifesting as cellular toxicity produced by an influx of ions into the cell (HanumanthaRao, 2016). Higher plants are also confined to habitats that have a pH greater than 2, as highly acidic environments cause enzymes to denature as charges between amino acids become disrupted. Additionally, low pH’s increase heavy metal solubility. Therefore environments that

All plants are subjected to a multitude of stresses throughout their life cycle. Depending on the species of plant and the source of the stress, the plant will respond in different ways. When a certain tolerance level is reached, the plant will eventually die. When the plants in question are crop plants, then a problem arises. The two major environmental factors that currently reduce plant productivity are drought and salinity (Serrano, 1999), and these stresses cause similar reactions in plants due to water stress. These environmental concerns affect plants more than is commonly thought. For example, disease and insect loss typically decrease crop yields by less than ten percent, but severe