Rural Areas: The Forgotten in Bioterrorism Preparedness In a society constructed the way the Unites States has constructed theirs, with densely populated cities clustered relatively close together, the impact of a biological attack would be devastating. The proximity of millions of humans, as well as the countless pets and animals close by, allows biological agents to spread quickly and relatively quietly throughout a population. These biological agents can decimate thousands of lives before doctors and epidemiologists even realize what is happening, especially if the hospital where many are seeking emergency care is not a teaching hospital. Overall, teaching hospitals have better training in the event of a biological attack than other …show more content…
Only 10% of nurses felt confident about recognizing and treating a biological agent, should a patient displaying symptoms of one arrive at their hospital, even though studies suggest that nurses play a vital role in diagnosing and managing a bioterrorism attack. The lack of confidence seen in rural doctors and nurses could impede these important medical professionals from making tough calls in situations where protocols need to be activated.
Rural hospitals tend to be significantly smaller than metropolitan hospitals. Smaller hospitals mean less beds for treating patients and a lack of equipment to control outbreaks. Factors like isolation rooms and decontamination equipment, which can stop the spread of an infection before it reaches thousands, are almost nonexistent in most rural hospitals. A study found that, among twenty-two rural hospitals, none had the necessary decontamination units and only one had a stockpile of the medications needed to tamper down a quickly-spreading infection. Without isolation and decontamination, infectious agents, especially pox viruses and others that spread through bodily fluids and contact, medications will have little to no effect on eradicating the infection. Rural hospital will blow through their resources quickly, adding more infected patients to the growing list.
With the increasing cuts to healthcare, particularly those that affect Medicare, rural hospitals
In William Cronon’s book Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England, he discuses the ecological history of New England from the late sixteenth century to the early nineteenth century. He demonstrates how the New Englanders changed the land by illustrating the process of the change in the landscape and the environment. In the Preface Cronon states, “My thesis is simple: the shift from Indian to European dominance in New England entailed important changes—well known to historians—in the ways these people organized their lives, but it also involved fundamental reorganizations—less well-known to historians—in the region's plant
Our Town is a play that takes place near the turn of the century in the small rural town of Grover’s Corners, New Hampshire. The playwright, Thornton Wilder is trying to convey the importance of the little, often unnoticed things in life. Throughout the first two acts he builds a scenario, which allows the third act to show that we as humans often run through life oblivious to what is actually happening. Wilder attempts to show life as something that we take for granted. We do not realize the true value of living until we are dead and gone. The through-line of the action seems to be attention to the details of life. Wilder builds up a plot that pays attention to great details of living.
From 1880-1906, western farmers were affected by multiple issues that they saw as threats to their way of life. The main threats to the farmers were railroads, trusts, and the government, because these institutions all had the power to drastically affect the ability of the farmers to make profits. Therefore, the farmers were not wrong to feel frustration toward those institutions when the institutions caused the farmers to live lives of increasingly extreme poverty.
Managers also inform Specialist personnel who include the Health and Safety Executive, the Department of Health and the Infection Control Doctor. The Specialist personnel such as The Infection Control Team, then inform the media if the case is in the public’s interest for example if it was a case of HIV, Swine Flu or measles. The Non-Care staff, such as a Domestic Assistant, needs to report anything they have seen or heard during work to the nurses.
No matter how strenuous it may be for an urban area to prevent an outbreak from occurring, it is still inevitable. Many organizations have tried to educate the population about the cause of diseases and how to prevent it. Although this method displays a decrease in certain diseases, it still occurs. However, instead of just attempting to prevent these diseases, a profound amount of cures have been discovered to treat it. Throughout multiple sources, such as online articles and lectures on the Industrial Revolution, it is unambiguous that the human race spreads disease through unsanitary environments, direct physical contact, and lack of knowledge, but society adapts to these situations and restrains the expansion of diseases by improved safety
Opioid abuse, cardiometabolic diseases, and diseases of lifestyle and social fabric are few of the health problems that are predominant in the southeast region of the country. Tennessee is in the lowest 25th quartile in the overall health performance among the low-income population in the southeast region. Hence, there is a need to address specifically, socioeconomic determinants in tackling these problems. These socioeconomic determinants are usually referred to as the causes of the causes of the diseases.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more commonly known as the CDC, is a major governmental department serving the country in healthcare. Per their official mission statement, The CDC “serves as the national focus for developing and applying disease prevention and control, environmental health, and health promotion and health education activities designed to improve the health of the people of the United States” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Most citizens may think of the CDC in situations not unlike the Ebola or Zika outbreaks, or even in the outlandish ideas of a virus bringing people back from the dead. These Centers across the United States survey disease outbreak,
In the 2015 article for The Atlantic “Farmland without Farmers”, Berry writes a thought-provoking piece about how industrial agriculture has taken over American landscapes, and as a result, stewards and culture are lost. Berry gives us the impression that an urge to change is needed, and the sense of knowledge and community is required to help farms thrive again.
After watching the video, ‘Out in the Rural’ I was surprised to find the living conditions of the people in Bolivar County in Mississippi. The video opened my eyes because I knew back in the 1960s, times were different but I did not believe they were that different. For example, the people of Bolivar County had no access to health care. In order to change that, a community health center was created. By creating the community health center, the people of Bolivar County were able to receive patient care and expecting mothers were also taught how to properly bathe their infants. Sanitation was another issue in Bolivar County because the living conditions did not have proper sewage. By fixing this issue, the people were able to have proper sewage
I think hospitals in the infected areas would also create infection zones. When a person comes to a hospital the doctors don’t start with placing the person in quarantine, even if they are unsure what illness the person has. This action would cause doctors and nurses to become infected. The developers made quarantines to separate the infected zone from non-infected zones. But, the developers soon found out they couldn’t keep people in the quarantine zones. Christakis, and Fowler write “this effort failed because players refused to be quarantined” (pg. 577). I have no doubt that people told to stay in a quarantined area would become irritable quickly. Tensions would increase and cause the people in quarantine to begin rioting, breaking free of the quarantine. The virus then continues to spread becoming
Rural America at the end of 19th century was characterized by depending on the earther for the crops, going into debt trying to survive, as well as unrest against monopolies on transportation, land, and money. On the other hand, the rural America was beautiful and full of small, good things. I believe that Hamlin Garland shows the best example of the rural America in his early works. As he visited Dakota territory after living in Boston, he realizes the futility and hardship of pioneer life. He decided to depict the stories of people struggling against nature (such as weather or plagues) and greedy speculators on the farms as they try to make a living through very hard work. Garland also showed another aspect of the rural life in America –
Protecting the public’s health historically has been a state and local responsibility. However, the growing threat of bioterrorism has highlighted the importance of a strong public health infrastructure to the nation’s homeland security and has focused increased attention on the preparedness of the public health system (Frist, 2011). Since the 2001 anthrax attacks Congress has passed new legislation to increase the strength of the nation’s public health system thus the funding has also rapidly increased to meet the potential demand. There is an ongoing debate however, as to what level of contribution local, state, and federal agency’s feel is an appropriate level of ongoing public health investments.
“Within the realm of WMD”, there are five categories which include: “chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological, and [high-yield] explosives” (McGlown, 2004). Of the five agent categories, the hospital industry is better equipped to handle the biological agent. A biological attack is the deliberate release of germs that can make you sick. The three groups of biological agents: “bacteria, viruses and toxins” (Stewart, 2010). Most agents are inhaled; enter through the skin by a cut or by contaminating food and water. Anthrax and smallpox agents are the most likely source of mass contamination which would require medical attention (Stewart, 2010). Since the tragic event of 9/11, some hospitals have embraced their responsibility in WMD preparedness.
A challenge that many rural communities are dealing with is the lack of primary care physicians, specialist, understaffed hospitals, and transportation. “Only about ten percent of physicians practice in rural America despite the fact that nearly one-fourth of the population lives in these areas” (National Rural Health Association [NHRA], n.d., para. 2). Although, there are programs designed to improve patients access to hospitals and physicians in rural areas, provider access for these patients remains a barrier. Technology can bridge some of the gaps of care for these patients and it can be beneficial in many ways. With enhanced technology, primary care physicians and patients will be able to have support, access to quality care, improvement in self-management skills, which ultimately, will improve a patient’s health. To assist physicians with delivery of optimal care and for patients to be able to go to scheduled wellness visits with physicians, a new approach to solving rural health barriers are needed.
Way of life differs when people live in different places. No doubt that people lifestyle will be influenced by the society and surrounding environment where they live in. City life and countryside life are obviously very different in several ways, such as population, environment, and utilities.