Essay On Superior Vena Cava

Atrioventricular Canal Defect is an abnormality that causes the mixing of blood. There is a hole in center of heart where the wall between the upper and lower chambers meet. The tricuspid and mitral valves aren’t formed properly and one large valve crosses the defect. The defect lets oxygen rich blood pass to the heart’s right side and mix with deoxygenated blood, then go back to the lungs. Another abnormality is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), where the walls of the upper chambers of the heart don’t close completely, causing a left to right movement of blood due to the higher pressure. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood may cause the right atrium and ventricle to enlarge due to the higher volume of blood.

As Indian groups started to settle in the Mississippi floodplain, their cultures and political systems began to intertwine, creating a complex sociopolitical structure (Page, 70). The largest polity to arise out of this area, known as the American Bottom, was Cahokia. At its height, it resembled a city, extending over five square miles, mounds and structures that towered over smaller dwellings, and a population, that some believe to have been the largest, north of Mexico, for its time (Page, 70). Estimates predict several thousand lived at the site of Cahokia, many of them elites, whose particular talents or skills, earned them the privileged title (Pauketat). Beyond its boundaries were smaller groups and

* Vaso-constriction – the blood vessels narrow, taking blood away from areas of the body, ie skin

The flow of blood through the heart is controlled by four valves. If any are not working correctly, blood cannot flow or be pumped effectively to the heart. The four valves are: the tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, and aortic semilunar. There are many abnormalities or defects that can affect their operation and in this paper, I will discuss the most common one which is a “mitral valve prolapse.” A valvular prolapse is an abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that causes the valve to not close completely. It is also known as “click murmur syndrome” and “Barlow’s syndrome” and is more prevalent in women than men. It has a strong hereditary

AS can occur in the congenital period or later in life, but is more common in adults due to lack of exercise, and nutrition causing calcium buildup. If it is congenital it will occur within the first eight weeks of pregnancy, which the cause is unknown. In a child with AS, the pressure is much higher than normal in the left chamber pumping. Blood that has leaked back into the left ventricle through the valve in between heartbeats, causing the ventricle to be enlarged. There are three stages of AS. Stage A occurs in patients with bicuspid aortic valve or aortic sclerosis who are symptom free but are at risk for AS. In stage B people have progressive AS with mild or moderate calcify valve leaflets, leaflets mobility, or mild or

the mitral valve 16 months ago and a Streptococcus mutans infection of the aortic valve 1 month ago.

In systolic ventricular dysfunction or systolic heart failure the heart is not able to produce enough output for adequate tissue perfusion. Heart rate and stroke volume produce cardiac output. Contractility, preload, and afterload influence the heart’s stroke volume. These factors are important in understanding the pathophysiologic consequences of this syndrome and possible treatments. Patients with systolic heart failure usually have dilated, large ventricles and impaired systolic function.

Based on the examination of the patient, a secondary pathology resulting from primary pathology is evident. The primary pathology is Lung Cancer and the secondary pathology is Superior Vena Cava Syndrome.

The increased resistance of blood flow through the pulmonary semilunar valve from the right ventricle backs up the pressure of blood

Cardiovascular Assessment: No visible pulsations, no heaves or lifts. Apical pulse present in the fifth intercostal space at the left midclavicular line. Auscultation of apical rate 62 beats per minute, normal rhythm regular S1 - S2 heart sounds present. Pulsations present when supine and disappear at a 45 degree angle position. Extremities are brown color without redness, cyanosis, lesions or varicosities bilaterally. Temperature warm bilaterally, Allen test was negative. Homan’s sign negative. Carotids: +2 and present bilaterally. Right Radial +2, left radial +1 , Right Brachial: +2

Mr. Steward’s priority problems include impaired cardiac tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, and pain. We are concerned about impaired cardiac tissue perfusion because the pt. is exhibiting signs of myocardial ischemia including chest pain and shortness of breath (Gillespie, 2012). Although we acknowledge that impaired cardiac tissue perfusion can decrease the function of the heart and will have the potential to affect the perfusion and delivery of oxygen to other end organs, our primary focus will be a focused cardiovascular assessment (House-Kokan, 2012). At 1800, Mr. Steward was SOB, had shallow and rapid breathing (RR = 44), and a SaO2 of 72% on RA. Due to the fluid buildup in his lungs, Mr. Steward has impaired gas exchange, and requires supplemental oxygen to maintain his SaO2; this warrants a focused respiratory assessment.

Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venus Return also known as (PAPVR) is when the four pulmonary veins return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the right atrium. PAPVR is more commonly diagnosed among children. This condition causes oxygen-rich blood to flow back into the lungs instead of forward to the rest of the body. PAPVR is a rare congenital heart defect that can either be total (TAPVR) or partial (PAPVR). If it is not diagnosed and treated early in life it can create extreme difficulties in their life and eventually might need to have a total heart transplant. PAPVR can affect people in many ways; however, it can become life threatening if not treated.

Congenital Absence of the Vas Deference (CAVD). CAVD is a condition in which the two vas

Comparing the data found in the Palliative Nursing textbook and those found in the articles researched, there are both similarities in description and etiologies identified by the disease but there are variances in the treatment plan for initial management of SVCO. All sources confirmed the use of CT scans as the primary diagnostic tool used to identify SVCO, followed up by the use of MRI. One source identified the use of a portable ultrasound for emergency department patients. Detailed by Birch et al., 2014, those patient were found to have a thrombolytic cause of the obstruction. The ultrasound was used as a primary tool for diagnosis in these cases. In, comparison Coyle et al., 2015 still reports using CT or MRI for screening of thrombolytic causes for SVCO. Older data indicates more frequent use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy but newer data demonstrates a greater use of stent placement as the initial treatment for SVCO. Research data, Leung et al., 2015, detailed that the initial treatment once SVCO is identified should be surgical stenting of the obstruction. This method was recommended because it provided rapid and effective relief of symptoms in patients. According to Leung et al., 2015, it was found that 95% of patients revealed overall symptom relief with stenting as the initial treatment of SVCO. There was only a reoccurrence of SVCO in 11% of patients. Labarca et al, 2014, reaffirms the stance for surgical intervention of stent placement as initial

However, in certain cases, the ductus arteriosus does not close and remains patent resulting in a persistent patent ductus arteriosus. A PDA can cause many complications such as bacterial endocarditis, late congestive heart failure, and the development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. The hemodynamic effect of PDA is depends on the size of the PDA and the resistance of pulmonary and systemic circulations (Kim, 2016). A continuous murmur is often heard in patients with PDA. A Continuous murmur occurred due to a continuous blood flow shunting from the high-pressure or high resistance circulation to the low-pressure or low resistance circulation, throughout systole and diastole. The continuous murmur in PDA consists of two components, a crescendo systolic one and a decrescendo diastolic one, with a peak of intensity around second sound. The murmur is continuous in PDA because the ductus arteriosus provides a permanent communication between the systemic circulation, with high pressure, and the pulmonary circulation, where pressure level is much lower. About