Essay On Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a deadly disease that is now affecting our world and the people living in it in a horrible way. Due to many factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, and lack of health care, many third world and developing countries have been left very vulnerable to tuberculosis. It is affecting a large part of these countries and is leading them deeper into poverty and sickness. The effort to help these countries against tuberculosis has only been slightly effective against this widespread and destructive disease.

Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

without fear of deportation, he exhorted, "You can come out of the shadows. But they can’t, while the U.S. is experiencing the expansion of health care access with the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This plan excluded about eleven million people who are in the country illegally. Nations with a lower social economic status are being greatly affected by the TB agent and do not have the resources available to people in the United States. According to World Health Organization (WHO): TB is the second greatest killer due to a single infectious agent in other nations, in 2012, 15% of the reported cases of TB resulted in death. TB is the third-leading cause of death for women ages 15-44 in low- and middle-income nations and the hardest hit by this disease are patients with compromised immune systems and elderly patients.

Despite the accessibility of inexpensive and successful treatment, tuberculosis still accounts for millions of cases of active disease and deaths worldwide. The disease unreasonably has an effect on the neediest persons in both high-income and developing countries. However, recent improvements in diagnostics, drugs, vaccines and enhanced implementation of present interventions have increased the outlooks for enhanced clinical care and global tuberculosis restriction.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2014, 9.6 million Americans were infected with the Tuberculosis (TB) disease. Over the years many programs and initiatives have been implemented to decrease the occurrences of TB disease in America. As long individuals are educated on the prevention of tuberculosis fatal complications can be prevented through early treatment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the description of Tuberculosis and the demographic of interest, determinants of health and how determinants contribute to the development of Tuberculosis, epidemiologic triangle, role of the community health nurse, and the World Health Organization that works to address

In the United States, the incidence rate per year is less than 4 per a population of 100,000. In other countries such as sub-Saharan Africa and Asia the incidence rate is much greater, a few hundred per 100,000. This disease is a very important concern for travelers from the US who travel to places where they might have prolonged exposure to tuberculosis. These travelers or people who plan to spend time in healthcare facilities, correctional facilities, or homeless shelters should receive a 2-step TB skin test. If a person is infected with TB they are encouraged to not travel by commercial airplanes for the risk of spreading the infection. (LoBue, 2015) Tuberculosis is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries around the globe. Even though there was a declining trend of this disease after the discovery of chemotherapy in the 1940s, this was not the case for developing countries. Tuberculosis was the first infectious disease to be declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization. Asia and Arica constitute for 86% of the cases in 2007, when they were 9.27 million incident cases of tuberculosis, 13.7 million prevalent cases, 1.32 million death due to tuberculosis in people who were HIV-negative, and 0.45 million deaths in people who were HIV-positive. There are 22 high-burden countries and Bangladesh is ranked number 6. The implementation of directly observed therapy short course (DOTS) was a breakthrough for a way to control TB. It actually covered the whole country of Bangladesh, after being started in 1993. Tuberculosis is also associated with the poorest parts of communities and the highest rates of TB are actually because of poverty. Conditions like, overcrowding in schools, poor nutrition, overcrowded living conditions, as well as poor hygiene habits are likely to

In the United States, local and state health departments are usually in charge of TB prevention and control as they are in charge of protecting the community health. However, health care department needs to collaborate with hospitals, policy makers, HIV clinics, and correctional facilities in order to report and treat new cases and treat them promptly (Rubin, 2014). Moreover, the health department needs to work in collaboration with these agencies in order to enforce treatment for those with active tuberculosis. The first step to an effective TB prevention program is identifying and treating people with active TB. This means tracking people with active TB and ensuring that they complete treatment. The second step is to screen people who may have come in contact with a person with active TB. The third step is to screen high risk population. To achieve all these goals, local and state health departments should collaborate with health care providers from several communities and organizations (Nardell & Churchyard, 2011).

The host factors for tuberculosis includes poor nutrition, coexisting diseases, poor immunity. Compremised population are at high risk for communicable diseases. Infants, children who are longer time in schools, older adults are prone to get infected with communcable diseases like TB. According to WHO, vaccination for TB, in countries where the disease is common, is recommended. Bacille Calmette – Guerin (BCG) is effective in protecting small children from TB. BCG is not in use in The United States (NIH). Health care workers, police

In order to effectively control TB, a clear understanding of its epidemiology must be developed. However, the epidemiology of TB varies radically across nations and regions.4 Observed in Sub-Saharan Africa, India, China and Southeast Asia and Micronesia, the world’s highest rates of TB (+100/100,000) exist. Indeed, of the 9 million who contracted TB in 2013, 56 % originated in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific while another 25 % originated in Africa.2 Factors which contribute to higher rates of TB include poverty, drug resistance and HIV.5 An astonishing preponderance (95 %) of new cases of TB occur in developing nations.4 Africa is home to 85 percent of new cases of TB; and 7.1 % of new cases of TB occur in individuals already infected with HIV.4

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by infection with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. The CDC estimates that one third of the global population was infected with TB in 2015 (as cited in Hebert, 2016). That figures varies greatly by country, with the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) estimating a prevalence of 4.7% for US residents. (Castro et al., 2015) There was further variation within the US population in regards to age, sex, race/ethnicity, and whether or not the individual had been born in the US. The study excluded those under 6 years of age, serving in the armed forces, or

With such a significant amount of the world’s population infected with TB it ranks as one of the leading cause of diseases around the world. When more than 9 million people are infected with TB it weakens the immune system and a great amount of people die each year because their bodies can’t fight the disease. Every year, 1.4 million people develop active TB. In 1990, 360,000 people in China died from the disease.

Individuals originating from countries where tuberculosis is prevalent are at a higher risk of developing active tuberculosis (National Health Service, 2012). Tuberculosis is still highly prevalent in Asia as The World Health Organisation (2012), states “Of the estimated 9 million people

Since 1990 the mortality rate of TB is decreased by 45% and the incidence rate is also decreased in major regions of the world. This is aid by the program Stop TB Strategy that organised by

As Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the country’s highest obtainable communicable diseases, There are no specific determinants in acquiring TB. This means that an individual of any age, gender, race, or ethnicity can acquire TB. However, based on socioeconomic status, individuals have a higher risk through poverty, being elderly, being homeless, and also foreign-born people who have lots of contact with individuals with TB. Those with medical conditions that weaken the immune system are also more likely to develop the disease. Individuals between the ages of 19 and 60 are also more susceptible to being infected with TB. Gender or race discrimination does not impact the health problems associated with Tuberculosis, but

Although Africa and other developing nations lead in the number of those infected with tuberculosis, the infected population in the world is currently estimated to be at around one third of the