Ethan Sherr
Mr. Kaufman
US HISTORY
20, April 2017
Term Paper Rough Draft
Introduction Censorship of war information in the United States between the mid twentieth and early twenty-first centuries has changed drastically. The role, methods and freedom of the media fundamentally changed between World War II and the first Iraq War in the early 2000’s. During World War II, citizens´ options for obtaining information, in general, and especially about the war, was extremely limited. All of these options were heavily controlled and censored accordingly at the Federal government’s discretion. In contrast to this, by the time of the first Iraq War, citizens had many more ways to get information and investigate the status of the war effort. The
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Information and Censorship During World War II
A. Transmission medium
In order to understand what information the average citizen in the United States had access to, there needs to be an understanding of how a citizen obtains information. During World War II, there were just three primary mediums to extract information: radio, newspaper, and film. Each of these will be discussed individually below.
Radio Radio was a very important transmission mode. The radio’s main function was to deliver citizens the necessary information in a way that was easy to understand, while at the same time making sure the news agencies earned sufficient ratings and to profit. The radio companies had to make the radio programming easy to understand to the average citizen, because “[t]he education of many Americans had ended after freshman year in high school. (Horten, p.
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During World War II, ¨[h]undreds of short films, featurettes, and feature films were produced.¨ (ibblio.org.) The OWI produced 267 of these newsreels between 1942 and 1946. These ¨[n]ewsreels averaged 10 minutes in length and consisted of...events from the home front.¨(WWII UN Newsreels) These newsreels were often shown in movie theaters before the feature film, in order to make people pay attention and be completely ´informed´ about the war. A famous example of a newsreel is D-Day, about a decisive battle where the Allies invaded German controlled Europe in their campaign to liberate
Throughout history we have seen how the government can censor the media during a time of war, in despite of the first amendment. We are entitled to our voices and opinions and by censoring what the media and citizens feel, not allowing them to express their concerns or ideas or concepts is an atrocity. The government decides if we enter a war not the citizens. Are we are never allowed to speak out against a war? Does this mean we are unpatriotic or unamerican? During the Civil War, the military often kept reporters off the battlefields. Years later, the U.S. entered the First World War and took control of all radio communications and censored all photographs. Congress then passed the Espionage and
Since this country was founded, we have had a set of unalienable rights that our constitution guarantees us to as Americans. One of the most important rights that is mentioned in our constitution is the right to free speech. “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
Following the United States’ entry into World War II and with national governments battling for the hearts and minds of the people, propaganda became an industry of war just as “important as producing bullets and planes.” In the words of Archibald MacLeish, assistant director of the Office of War Information and librarian of Congress, “The principal battleground of the war is not the South Pacific. It is not the Middle East. It is not England, or Norway, or the Russian Steppes. It is American opinion.” Thus, propaganda was the most effective resource in securing the American victory in World War II, as it caused an increase in
Many people received their information only by newspaper or radio and there was a sense of pride knowing that journalists were sharing truthful information with the public.
Censorship was an important practice during and after the Civil War in order to conceal information from the enemy. Censorship was not present in wars before the Civil War. During earlier wars, such as the Revolutionary War and the Mexican War, there was not a way to quickly spread information; furthermore, there was not a concern for journalistic wartime reports. (LibertyWartime.org) In the 1840s, a marvelous machine
However, due to the bland, sterile journalism that came as a result of this, there was a 10% decline in newspaper circulation in these years. Radio, which was one of the main forms of media during this time, was also used extensively as a medium through which propaganda was dispensed. There were more radios per head of the population in Germany than in any other country in Europe. Hitler and Goebbels both realised the potential of this medium and used it on a massive scale. When he came into power, Goebbels brought all German broadcasting under Nazi control.
The entertainment of the 1940s consisted of Hollywood, radio personalities and the musicians, all in the benefit of the country in the war. By the 1940s radio had become a mass medium, meaning that the radio was a device that had a mass audience.
During the period 1960 and 1964 television in America had become extremely familiar to the public. Not only were they able to now be involved in the Vietnam War, but see it on their TV screens at home for the first time ever. In the 1950’s, only 9% of American homes owned a television, however, this figure rose dramatically to 93% during the time of the war in 1966. With inadequate government controls, The American journalists in Vietnam were now able to record video footage and expose the American government of their lies. The government’s failure in maintaining censorship to the public just like they had managed to do in World War 1 had failed. The media was now able to publish uncensored pictures and videos
WWII had many newspapers and headlines. There was a first headline and a last headline. Also, there were many famous headlines during WWII. Many things that occurred during WWII were in a newspaper ,such as the concentration camps, countries declaring war, etc.
Why did the public acclaim for Edward R. Murrow's World War II radio broadcasts help his controversial "Radulovich" and "McCarthy" TV programs, and How were the economic vulnerabilities of commercial TV exploited by President Lyndon B. Johnson in order to create a surprise news event that interfered with Fred Friendly's live coverage of the 1966 U.S. Senate Hearings on Vietnam?
Different types of governments depend on entire control of their citizens - dictatorships and totalitarian governments especially. There are many ways to control a population; propaganda and censorship among the most popular. Censorship is one of the most commonly employed methods of controlling the masses, used by the Capitol in The Hunger Games, Hitler in Nazi Germany, and Stalin in the USSR, but the Party in 1984 employs the ultimate and purest form of censorship. In the Hunger Games, the Capitol tries to show their feats of strength, saying that they wiped out all of District 13 when they tried to rebel.
The radio still important to use gain information since 1920 until this century for all people live around the world. Even today we have more modern technology like TV, internet, but the radio is still popular for this modern society. Moreover, the radio has been improved itself to provided a good service for all customers. Today we can listen the radio 24 hours a day 7 days a week. The news comes on the radio daily providing with local news, international news, and weather. In addition, the varies of the radio station give a different topic of information like the history, technology, and society is very important for leaner. The radio made more easy for a illiterate to get information the same with people
Ellen Hopkins, the author if of the "Crank" series for young adult readers have has hise books pulled from middle school libraries in the district of Norman, Oklahoma and was also prohibited to speak to any school in the district even the one he was invited to.
Censorship may be protection from inappropriate materials, but it also limits free speech. For the limitation of free speech, it is reasonable why people are emphatically against censorship. It is understood that there is a need to filter some of the materials released in today’s society, but too much is being done by people who have no right meddling with everyone’s rights. Civilization has always been plagued by a never ending battle being fought over what is deemed right and wrong. In today’s culture, censorship oppresses everything in the media. From movies and music to television and even news stories, most of the content viewed today has been filtered one way or another. Restrictions have been in place since early societies have been
The radio is one of the most influential pieces of technology ever invented. From political debates to Taylor Swift’s latest hit, with the help of the radio, society stays informed on a plethora of topics. Freddie Mercury wasn’t lying when he said, “and everything I had to know, I learned it on my radio.” In almost every country in the world, there is at least one radio station used to broadcast news to it’s people. Since the creation of the FM radio, it has been used to reach out to people over a certain area and keep them informed about the society they live in. During the 1930s and the 1940s, the radio played a very important role in history; it was a tool used during World War II by America, Great Britain, and Nazi Germany. By sending