Essential Drug Delivery Route Is No Doubt The Oral Route

The route in which a medication is administered is the ‘path’ that the drug/substance/fluid/poison is taken into the body these include:-

This is medication that is taken via the mouth. This can be in the form of tablets and capsules. If an individual finds it difficult to swallow tablets oral medication is also available in liquids, suspensions and syrups. Sublingual medications are for example when tablets are placed under the tongue to dissolve quickly.

Oral - medicines can be given orally in the form of capsules, tablets, liquids or powders.

There are two categories of medicine: oral or injection. Oral medications are medications taken through the mouth and are more efficient because it can reach different parts of the body via bloodstream. Injection medicine is where a needle delivers

This is injected straight directly into the veins. Medicines are rapidly absorbed into the body. This can only be performed by a doctor or trained nurse.

Wordell also explained that sustained release tablets have two important advantages over other drugs, one “they are effective for a longer period of time” and “two they frequently cause fewer adverse reactions.” Since sustained release tablets are designed to release the drug slowly over time, crushing or damaging the “wax matrix” may cause the patient to “receive too much of the drug too soon” and the patient “may suffer increased adverse reactions” as explained by Wordell. The expected effect of the drug may also not be met and the symptoms may reoccur before the next schedule dose Wordell further expressed. Sustained released capsule “contains beads” that releases the drugs in the same process as that of sustained release tablets. While you may be able to open a sustained release capsule and mixing the “beads” which food or juice, you must be very carefully and ensure that the beads or not popped during mixing Wordell emphasized. This will also cause the patient to receive too much of the drug at a much faster rate and this will also cause very serious adverse

This process that I explained is only applicable for medications that are taken orally, this doesn’t work for injections, IV’s, nasal routes, ocular routes, rectally, inhalation, nebulizers, etc. Drugs can be administered in a vast variety of ways, it is important when considering what medicine to take, the route it has to take.

Pharmacokinetic analysis suggests that the orally administered nanoemulsions had a higher rate of absorption and the concentration of the drug in the brain and plasma was the highest. Formulation: The drug nanoemulsion was prepared by adding 50% of the drug solution (with dehydrated ethanol) to one ml of safflower oil and it was stirred for the oil drug mixture to distribute homogenously and for all the ethanol to evaporate. Deionized distilled water (contains egg phosphatidylcholine) and deoxycholic acid.(40mg) make up the aqueous phase. Both the phases are heated at 70oc separately. The oil phase was slowly added to the aqueous phase and stirred well. The mixture was then sonicated (21% amplitude and 50%duty cycle). The mixture formed (drug containing nanoemulsion) was then filtered and stored at 4oc.Preparation of aqueous suspension was made using 3H Labeled drug and unlabeled drug in ethanol along with Deionized distilled water (contains egg phosphatidylcholine) and deoxycholic acid. The suspension was sonicated in order to lessen the particle size [2]. An example is Saquinavir (anti-HIV inhibitor) showed enhanced oral absorption and increased concentration of drug in the brain when incorporated in a nanoemulsion

Due to HPMC is a pH-independent polymer, it sustain the drug release by hydrating to form a gel layer at the surface of the tablet. Sodium alginate is a pH-dependent, when exposed to acidic in stomach; it will convert to insoluble alginic acid. By the way, the type and amount of polymer affected the release of drug. For both forms of tablets usually should be stored in tight, light-resistance container or amber glass at 15-25 oc. The shelf life is three years from the date of manufacturing. For capsule extended release oral contains 100mg, 120mg, 180mg, 200mg, 240mg, 300mg and 360mg of the active ingredient. These forms using the diffusion delivery system which are consists of controlled-release coated pellets enclosed in a hard gelatin capsule. Polymers can be using both water soluble and water-insoluble polymers. When exposed to water in GI tract, the soluble polymer will slowly dissolves, allow the drug to diffuse while the insoluble polymer act as barrier maintaining controlled release of the drug into GI tract. It should be stored in tight light-closed container at room temperature

Administration: Oral mucosal drug delivery systems are easy to administer. This quality of ease of administration is of most importance to health care providers

A disposable pipet was used to collect and transfer approximately 3ml of the tablet solution in a syringe barrel fitted with a filter. This solution was filtered into a small clean

The most common way to take medicine is orally. Once the medicine is ingested through the mouth, it goes through the digestive process to eventually be distributed into the organs and tissues. The medication can travel through the body more than once if the medication was not fully dissolved in the first travel through. Within the stomach, acidic juices help to break down nutrients from food or other substances and eliminate bacteria that were on or in the ingested substance. (Howell, 2016)

Topical route is the most commonly used route for drug administration through different route of administration are used for the delivery of drugs, topical route remain the preferred mode.

polymeric layer formed around the matrix. Commercial drug delivery systems for the oral route are manufactured mainly in the dosage form of matrices: they are compounded by a significant amount of drug dispersed in and compressed with a hydrophilic polymer, very often with the

The purpose of writing this review was to investigate, compile, recent, current and past literatures. In recent years several advancements has been made in research and development of oral drug delivery system. Various drugs, which are unstable in alkaline pH, soluble in acidic pH, having narrow absorption window, site of action specific to stomach can be developed by using this technique. Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) can improve the controlled delivery of drugs that have an absorption window by continuously releasing the drug for a prolonged period of time before it reaches to absorption site. These include floating system, swelling system, expanding system, low density systems, high density system, bioadhesive and mucoadhesive systems etc. In fact the buoyant dosage unit enhances gastric residence time (GRT) without affecting the intrinsic rate of emptying. GRDDS is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site-specific drug release in upper gastro intestinal tract improving the oral sustained delivery of drug. For minimizing the limitations and achieving better gastric retention various combinational approaches floating and swelling, floating and bio-adhesion, etc., multi-particulate systems, super porous hydrogel etc., have been discussed. The present review addresses briefly about suitable drug candidates, formulation considerations, physiological difficulties and classification, factors effecting gastric retention, merits,