Essential Hypertension

When the cuff is fully inflated to a certain maximum pressure, depending on the patient, typically 180 mmHg, no blood flow occurs through the artery. As it is slowly deflated a series of bounding motions can be heard. The first of these numbers will be recorded as the systolic pressure, while the last of these numbers will be recorded as the diastolic pressure. A BP reading, given in mmHg, has two numbers. The upper number, the systolic pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats. The lower number, the diastolic pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries between beats. Some people experience, what is referred to as, “white coat hypertension.” This is a type of hypertension wherein the patient believes the office to be a stressful environment and, as a result, their BP is artificially higher. There are certain prerequisites before getting BP taken: you can neither drink coffee nor smoke cigarettes for half an hour prior, you must use the restroom as bladder volume may influence BP reading, and you must sit for five minutes beforehand. To accurately diagnose someone, the doctor must take separate reading, on different days, at different times. The ABCDE mnemonic can be used to help determine the presence of hypertension: Accuracy of diagnosis, obstructive sleep apnea, aldosteronism, presence of renal artery; Bruits,

Hypertension, perhaps better known as 'high blood pressure' is one of the most common and dangerous health conditions in the entire world. The Main reason why hypertension is considered so dangerous and life threatening, is the fact that it can lead to a number of other very serious,

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, has become a major risk factor for several types of heart disease across the globe. In the United States alone, nearly 70 million adults have been diagnosed with this condition [1]. Hypertension is a condition in which arterial walls experience extreme force from blood flowing through; long-term force against artery walls will lead to more serious health problems such as stroke, renal failure, and other cardiovascular diseases [2]. If the proper steps to treat hypertension are not taken, patients have a high risk of developing atherosclerosis, a condition that causes arteries to harden significantly. Smoking, obesity, lack of physical activity, high alcohol consumption, and high sodium intake are factors that may cause an individual to be diagnosed with hypertension [3] Detection of hypertension is crucial in order to reduce the incidence of death by cardiovascular disease [1].

African-American women have a higher rate of hypertension (high blood pressure) than white women and Hispanic women. “According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 34.2% of the Black, non-Hispanic female population between 1998 and 1994 had hypertension 22.0% of Hispanic women and 19.3% of White; non-Hispanic women had hypertension during this time.” (NWHIC, 2015) A few of the reasons African-American women have a higher rate of hypertension is because of genetic and environmental factors, also dietary factors such as their bad eating habits and huge salt

The major health problem selected for this project was hypertension (Harrison et al, 2011). It is identified as a cardio vascular disease risk factor such as dementia, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke (NICE, 2011). It can be missed easily, as in various instances it is asymptomatic as well as it is also known as a silent killer. The Hypertension is thought to be a disease of vascular regulation ensuing from arterial pressure control mechanisms malfunction (extracellular fluid volume, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and CNS) that results in elevation of BP by means of enhanced peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output. There are 2 basic hypertension types. Around 90 to 95 percent of the individuals have primary hypertension which is linked with change in lifestyle as well as needs medical treatment. On the other hand, 5-10% has secondary hypertension which is linked with various other diseases for instance pregnancy, thyroid, and renal (Haslam and James, 2005). It is estimated that around 1 in 20 adults will have increased BP of 160/100 mmHg and above that results in either more than one predisposing aspects (Gemmell et al, 2006).

Hypertension is sometimes referred to as the silent killer (Aycock, Kirkendoll, & Gordon, 2013). Today it is a public health problem. According to the American Heart Association 2013 Statistical Fact Sheet (2013), one out of every three adults has high blood pressure, which is estimated at 77.9 million people (AHA, 2013). High blood pressure is also referred to as hypertension. Hypertension is a prevalent medical condition that carries with it the risk factor for increased chances of heart disease and stroke (Gillespie & Hurvitz, 2013). Hypertension remains one of the top 10 causes of worldwide disability-adjusted life years (as cited in Drenjančević-Perić et al., 2011). For the estimated 348, 102 deaths in 2009, high blood pressure was listed as the primary or contributing cause of death (AHA, 2013). Despite the health risk associated with hypertension, the diagnoses of high blood pressure continue to rise. By 2030, hypertension is expected to increase by 7.2% from 2013 estimates (AHA, 2013).

High blood pressure AKA Hypertension is inflicting damage to the guts, kidney, and brain, despite the fact that there are not any visible indicators noticed nor the patient feels no symptoms.

When a stroke occurs statistically speaking , 8 out of 10 people had high blood pressure when the suffered a stroke . Again with heart failure . Patients who have heart failure also had high blood pressure . The exact causes of high blood pressure are not known , but several factors and conditions may play a role in its development , including : smoking , being overweight or obese , lack of physical activity , too much salt in the diet , too much alcohol consumption (more than 1 to 2 drinks per day ) , stress , older age , genetics , family history of high blood pressure , chronic kidney disease , adrenal and thyroid disorders , sleep apnea . Although you cannot control all of your risk factors for high blood pressure , you can take steps to prevent or control high blood pressure and its complications . Even by changing your diet and reducing the foods that contain high sodium and salt and eating healtheir can reduce your blood pressure and risk for heart disease . Even by reducing stress from your daily life can help to lower blood pressure . Adequate exercise can help with lowering hypertension and lowering your risk for heart disease . However in today's nursing workforce it is important to inform our patients the steps they can take to live healtheir and to reduce their risk of heart disease and

Hypertension is a very common problem, affecting 1 billion people worldwide, with 50 million cases in the United States, and one third of cases going undiagnosed. 1% of the cases will experience a hypertensive emergency in their life. (1,2)

The number of people living with hypertension (high blood pressure) is predicted to be 1.56 billion worldwide by the year 2025. In the US, around 75 million people have hypertension, with more people dying of hypertension-related cardiovascular disease than from the next three deadliest diseases combined. In 2011-2012 in the US, about a third of all people over the age of 20 years had

My mother, Nanci, my uncle, Mike, and my aunt Kim have all been diagnosed with hypertension. Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure is the most common cardiovascular disease and leads to over 326,000 deaths in the United States every year (Adams & Urban, 2013). Hypertension is consistent increased systemic arterial blood pressure, and can be divided into two categories, primary and secondary. Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, and according to Adams and Urban is responsible for almost 90% of all cases of diagnosed hypertension (Adams & Urban, 2013). Secondary hypertension on the other hand is related to an underlying disease process or condition, such as hyperthyroidism or the use of corticosteroids. Hypertension can systemic issue, which means that the blood pressure of the entire body is affected, or it can be a localized issue where only certain tissues are affected, such as the liver. Hypertension is usually an asymptomatic issue, however, when symptoms do appear, they have been caused by the long-term existence of the disorder, over years or decades. Over time, the elevation of the blood pressure begins to wear on the arteries and the organs of

American Heart Association quotes that Hypertension is an important public-health challenge worldwide. Importance should be focused on its detection, treatment control and prevention. The infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis which once were the reasons for leading the causes of deaths have been replaced by non –infectious diseases which are mostly the NCD’s such as diabetes, heart diseases, and other vascular conditions. Hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge because of its high frequency and concomitant risks of cardiovascular and kidney disease [78][79]. Heart attacks and strokes are major–but preventable–killers worldwide. More than 80% of cardiovascular disease related deaths take place in low-and

Hypertension (HT), defined as a chronic elevation of systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure (BP), is in all probability the most common chronic disease today. Clinically hypertension is not a disease at usual sense it is a risk factor for many future vascular diseases1,2. In human body blood pressure is maintained by several factors such as kidney, sympathetic nervous system, hormonal mechanisms along with the diet taken. These include lipids, magnesium, sodium, potassium and the total energy intake3.

Blood pressure readings are noted in two separate areas, the systolic and diastole. The systole (top number) is the pressure within the arteries when the heart is contracting and pushing the blood forward. When a blood pressure is above the normal range this is notation that the heart is having to work harder to pump the blood properly within the system. The diastole (bottom number) is the pressure within the arteries when the heart is relaxed. A normal blood pressure reading is 120/80, 139/89 is pre hypertensive and 140/90 and higher is labeled as hypertensive. Elevated blood pressures can be divided into two separate categories, this is primary and secondary hypertension (HTN) (Egan & Zhao, 2013).

Factors that contribute to hypertension are age, ethnicity, gender, and lifestyles as shown in Figure 1 (Yoon, Burt, Louis, & Carroll, 2012). While the prevalence of hypertension is relatively equal among men and women, certain ethnicities have a higher propensity for developing hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension in African-Americans is among the highest in the United States for a single ethnic group (Ferdinand & Armani, 2007). In the United States, around 78% of people suffering from hypertension are aware of their condition, with only 68% using hypertensive medications to control their blood