Essophageal Foreign Bodies Essay

Small hiatal hernia. Walls of esophagus appear mildly thickened distally, nonspecific, and may relate to

As you can see, it is a tubelike structure made of muscle and lined with mucous membrane. The pharynx functions as part of the respiratory and digestive system because it is located behind the nasal cavities and the mouth. It is the structure that we refer to as the throat. It is about twelve and a half centimeters long and consists of three parts; the nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. (Anatomy.tv, n.d.) The esophagus branches off of the pharynx which carries food to the stomach. Swallowing takes place in the pharynx partly as a reflex and partly under voluntary control. The tongue and soft palate pushes food into the pharynx, which closes off the trachea. The food then enters the esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. . (Mohan, 2010). It is about 25 centimeters long. The production of mucus by glands in the mucosal lining as you can see lubricates the tube to permit easier passage of food moving toward the stomach. (Thibodeau & Patton, 2008). Food is pushed through the esophagus and into the stomach by a series of contractions called peristalsis. The lower esophageal sphincter is just before the opening to the stomach. It opens to let food pass into the stomach and closes to keep it there. (Mohan, 2010).

Esophagus is located through the mouth. You go down the throat and into the stomach. I can remember this by tracing the path in the photo.

Nerve problems. These prevent signals from being sent to the muscles of your esophagus to contract and move

As we get older, it gets harder for the valve to close tightly due to a weakened diaphragm. So this allows acid and partially digested food to splash back into the esophagus. As such, continues occurrence of reflux would result to the gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Gastro for the gastric system, and esophageal for the esophagus.3 The hole can also increase in size leading to the formation of a hiatus.1 When this happens, part of the stomach bulges through the hole leading to the hiatal hernia which

Barret’s Esophagus is a serious complication of GERD, in which stands for Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease. With Barret’s esophagus normal tissue lining the esophagus; the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine, this process is called intestinal metaplasia ("Barret's esophagus: Symptoms," 2005). Patients who are diagnosed with Barret’s esophagus are at an increase risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, which is cancer of the esophagus and can be fatal.

Ans- Most complications of pediatric foreign body ingestion are due to site of esophageal impaction, usually at 1 of 3 typical locations. The most common site of esophageal impaction is at the thoracic inlet. Defined as the area between the clavicles on chest radiograph, this is the site of anatomical change from the skeletal muscle to the smooth muscle of the esophagus. The cricopharyngeus sling at C6 is also at this level and may "catch" a foreign body.

The insufflation tubing is attached to the trocar and the pneumoperitoneum established. After that the sharp trocar is inserted blindly through a small abdominal incision as described previously, without prior insufflation or visualization of the abdominal layers and viscera. After the pneumoperitoneum is established, the surgeon places the other operative trocars according to the specific needs of the procedure. A 10-mm port is commonly used for the laparoscope, and 5 to 10-mm ports are used for the surgical instruments. Larger ports are required for hand-assisted procedures and for large specimens. After all ports have been placed, a specific procedure can begin. For diagnostic laparoscopy, two instruments are commonly used to manipulate the tissues and organs. These are the dolphin nose forceps and the probe. Retractors such as the fan retractor are also used by the assistant to assist in viewing the surgical anatomy. At the close of the procedure, the instruments are withdrawn, and the pneumoperitoneum released. The incisions may be closed using a variety of techniques. Figure of-8 sutures of absorbable synthetic size 0 or 2-0 are commonly laced to close the superficial layers of the port

(1) “problems in delivery of the bolus of food or fluid into the esophagus as a result of neuromuscular incoordination”; (2) “problems in transport of the bolus down the body of the esophagus as a result of altered esophageal peristaltic activity”; (3) “problems in bolus entry into the stomach as a result of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) dysfunction or obstructing lesions” (p. 721).

Because barium swallows are non-invasive and clearly outline the shape of the esophagus, the radiologist decided this form of imaging was best suited to the patient and his clinical details which strongly suggested cancer to be the cause of the clinical details.

An upper endoscopy is known as an EGD and it is when a thin scope with a light and a camera at the end of it. This looks at the inside of the upper digestive tract which includes the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. An EGD can be used to identify several causes such as abdominal or chest pain, nausea and vomiting, heartburn, bleeding, and swallowing problems. It can also help to find inflammation, ulcers, and tumors. The endoscope can also help treat abnormalities such as polyps which are growths of tissue in the stomach and these can be removed and biopsied to find out if they are cancerous. Also obstructions stuck in the esophagus can be removed and bleeding from ulcers, cancer can be treated with the endoscope.

The instrument used for endoscopies, called an endoscope, consists of a long tube that has a light and a video camera attached to the end that is inserted into the mouth, through the esophagus and stomach, and into the duodenum. The endoscopy can be used to assess symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea, bleeding, trouble swallowing, and vomiting. It can also be used to detect tumors and ulcers (as well as the ulcer-causing bacterium, Helicobacter pylori), collect tissue for biopsies, and treat existing problems such as bleeding from ulcers. Endoscopies can also be used in combination with other diagnostic procedures, such as an ultrasound. This helps doctors see other organs in the body, such as the pancreas (“Upper Endoscopy: Why It’s

Anastomotic dehiscence in fore-gut surgery is significant life threatening condition which associated with 25-50 % morbidity rate after intra-thoracic resection for esophageal cancer (1,2) Even though, there have decreased in recently year but remains high mortality rate as 20%(3). The recently studies report overall leak rate about 3-6 % comprising of anastomosis dehiscence, staple gastric conduit and secondary to gastric conduit necrosis (1,4,5) Because of individual manifestations, understanding about cause and pathophysiologic healing of anastomotic dehiscence and promptly diagnosis and treatment may reduce mortality and improve outcome. Over the past decades, the operative surgery was considered as a standard treatment. However,

The diaphragm normally lies on top of the stomach. In some people a part of the stomach has forced its way through a gap in the centre of the diaphragm. This causes an abnormality in the lower esophageal sphincter whose purpose it is to keep acid in the stomach and prevent if from escaping where it would otherwise cause heartburn.

The LES is a 3-4 cm. long segment of contracted smooth muscle at the end of the esophagus consisting of two separate components. The first component is the sphincter comprised of a segment of smooth muscle in the lower esophagus and the second component is formed by the diaphragm crus which exerts pressure. The LES creates a high pressure region between the esophagus and the stomach that prevents acid reflux. A LES that is fully functioning must have an acceptable total and intra-abdominal length, and a normal resting pressure. The LES prevents gastroesophageal reflux but it can be made difficult by numerous factors. During inspiration, the gastro-esophageal pressure gradient can drive gastric contents into the esophagus. The LES also allows