Esstrogen Essay

p.483 The cell bodies of primary-order neurons or pain-transmitting neurons reside in the dorsal root ganglia just lateral to the spine along the sensory pathways that penetrate the posterior part of the cord. The second order neurons are found in the dorsal horn (p.484) Most nociceptive information tranvels by means of ascending columns in the lateral spinothalamic tract (also called the anterolateral funiculus). The principal target for nociceptive afferents is the thalamus (the major relay station of sensory information in general) Third order neurons project to portions of the CNS involved in the processing and interpretation of pain, the chief areas being the reticular and limbic systems and cerebral cortex. (p 484)

and fallopian tubes. Estrogen also stimulates the growth of the external female genitalia and breasts. Fat distribution in the female is also controlled by estrogen. The non-reproductive functions of estrogen include reduction of LDL (bad cholesterol) and an increase in HDL (good cholesterol). Estrogen also preserves bone strength by slowing down cells involved in bone break down. Estrogen concentrations in the body decrease post menopause which is why women suffer from osteoporosis later in life (Parl, 2000). Estrogen utilizes a positive feedback loop by increasing the production of gonadotropin releasing hormone in the hypothalamus which then increases the release of FSH and lutenizing hormone. This increase in FSH and LH prepare the uterus

we have a hormone known as trypton that is a derivative of serotonin. When it

Serotonin is found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS). Serotonin in the CNS affects learning, appetite, mood, and sleep. In the GI, it is used to control appetite and digestion. A few feelings come as a result of serotonin, such as happiness, relaxation, and security. Low serotonin levels can cause depression, anxiety, and

ERα has been shown to be expressed in dynorphin neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and directly modulates dynorphin release, which in turn regulates DORs (Gintzler & Liu, 2012). Dynorphin release is often associated with nociception and has been linked to opioid-induced hyperalgesia (Vanderah, Ossipov, Lai, Malan, & Porreca, 2001). Interestingly, dynorphin and KOR activation is also linked to significant analgesia, particularly in women (Gear et al., 1996). Estrogens upregulate KORs in both intact and ovariectomized female rats in a dose-dependent manner (Lawson, Nag, Thompson, & Mokha, 2010). This apparent contradiction can be explained by spinally synthesized estrogen mediating KOR/MOR heterodimerization in the dorsal horn, which switches dynorphin from being pronociceptive to antinociceptive (N. J. Liu, Chakrabarti, Schnell, Wessendorf, & Gintzler, 2011). In areas outside of the spinal cord, mechanisms involving ERα modulating dynorphin release vary by brain location, and also depend on whether or not ERE-dependent pathways are activated (Gottsch et al., 2009).

It wasn’t till 1990 that the explanation of this disease came to light. Stimuli are normally not painful, however in people suffering with Fibromyalgia there is overall pain of these stimuli due to pressure over the muscle. Patients tend to have more nociceptive signals due to damage, or the constant use of neurotransmitters. Microglial cells that wrap around the axon of the nerve cells activate the pathogens, which then move from one neuron to the next causing pain when the other neurons are stimulated. As of now there’s no methods of prevention, but there are certain things that may trigger it, such as trauma, family history, infections, and autoimmune

The pain and sensitivity experience with Fibromyalgia is due to chemical imbalance within the central nervous system. When a body is injured, a neurochemical called “Substance P,” which transmits pain signals throughout the body, is released into the spinal cord. In persons with fibromyalgia, the neurochemical “Substance P” is produced in large quantities, and so the brain thinks that the body is in a greater pain than it actually is. (Parker,

Adequate pain assessment is essential for measuring the efficacy of treatment in clinical practice, provide patient with target pain treatment, and avoid the high number of non-responders.15 Clinically, valuable pain assessment would associate certain signs and symptoms that comprise the pain phenotype with underlying mechanisms.15 Methods such as quantitative sensory testing, functional imaging, skin biopsies and genetic screening are assessment tools provide valuable information regarding the neurobiology of pain.15 However, these tools are expensive, require technical expertise and not suitable for routine assessment of a patient’s pain.15 Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish biopsychosocial pain profiling of multiethnic

Monoamines such as; serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine mediate modulation in the DH by binding to their according receptor subtypes of the afferent nociceptive fibres (Millan, 2005; Zhao et al., 2007; Pertovaara, 2006)

The endocrine system is a group of glands distributed throughout the human body. This group of glands secretes substances called hormones. These hormones are dumping into the bloodstream (Shier, Butler & Lewis, 2009). The endocrine system does not have a single anatomic location. It is dispersed throughout the human body. The final purpose of this process is to control, regulate, and coordinate the functioning of the human body. Some body functions can be activated or inhibited by hormones, which are secreted in very small quantities. The hormone related diseases may be due to hyper secretion, or a hypo secretion. The hormones secreted by the endocrine glands regulate growth, development and function of many tissues, and coordinate the

The causes and the manner of the development is not fully understood yet. The over view of fibromyalgia is a dysfunction of the central or autonomic nervous system. It is possible that hormones, weak immune system, stressors and a few other influences may cause this disease. Central sensitization is the main make up of this disease. Central sensitization is a result of random nerve activity, enlarged receptive fields, and augmented stimulus responses. Fibromyalgia includes a well-known restraint that blocks pain pathways that control spinal cord responses to painful stimuli. This barrier is weakened in patients with fibromyalgia which helps to worsen the central

The data collected from the fMRI scans was quantitative biological data measured on a ratio scale looking at regions of the “pain matrix”, including the

Serotonin cell dendrites and cell bodies start at a specific area of the brain called the raphe nuclei. The axons on these serotonin cells are quite long and extend into a great area of the brain. (Sferios, 2014) Because these axons are so long, serotonin can reach many places

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter in the brain that has an enormous influence over many brain functions. It is synthesized, from the amino acid L-tryptophan, in brain neurons and stored in vesicles. Serotonin is found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall; large constricted blood vessels; and the central nervous system. The most widely studied effects have been those on the central nervous system. The functions of serotonin are numerous and appear to involve control of appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, mood, behavior (including sexual and hallucinogenic behavior), cardiovascular function, muscle contraction, endocrine regulation, and

"How Did this happen?" Georgia wonders holding Her now swollen stomach. See 3 weeks ago Georgia was actually Greg, but do to a chemical spill at his local dairy Greg's body started to over produce Estrogen at an alarming rate. By the next day he already so some worrying signs. First he tried to pass them off as not something he needed to worry about. Unfortunately by the end of the first week he could no longer deny something was up. His hair had grown 8 inch in the span of 2 days subsequently he had lost that much height at the same time he started to notice his pecs start to swell and his "Best friend" had started to dwindle. He went to the urgent care office in town and after the test of him and his home the found the tainted milk carton